/ ^ Sv b \ / f K i¥- 3S- Ammran iP^rtt Jnitrnal /^¥¥—^ A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO PERNS Published by tbe AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY A» EDITORS WILLIAM E. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C. V. MOETON IRA L. WIGGINS A* VOLUME 34 19 4 4 i ^ V. -.'i-: i tANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA ^£- r\ 1 > .™ ) \ CONTENTS Volume 34^ Number 1, Pages 1-36, issued March 22, 1944 Reminiscences of Fern Collecting in Fiji A. C, Smith 1 A Southern Variety of Polypodium peltatum C. A. Weathcrhy 17 A New Trieliomaues from Colombia C, V, Morton 19 Diplazium loucliophyllum in Louisiana WilUain i?. Maxon 21 Shorter Notes: The Southeastern Relatives of Lycopodium inundatum; A Pern New to Worcester Co., Massachu- setts; Nephrolepis tuberosa (Willd.) Presl 24 Recent Fern Literature 25 American Fern Society 30 Volume 34, Number 2, Pages 37-68, issued June 19, 1944 Collecting Ferns in Northwestern Mexico Ira L, Wiggins 37 The Name of the Deer-fern William B, Maxon 50 Distribution of Equisetum in New Jersey WiUiam F. Eapp, Jr. 51 Status of Botrychium disseetum var, oneidense. Eobert T. Clausen 55 Shorter Notes: xAsplenium Gravesii in Virginia: Bradley ^s Spleenwort in Ohio 61 Recent Fern Literature 63 American Fern Society - ^ » 66 Volume 34, Number 3, Pages 69-100, issued October 10, 1944 The New World Species of Azolla B, K, Svenson 69 Mass Collections: Equisetum sylvaticum ^^orman C. Fassett 85 Cystopteris Bluff Edgar T. Wherry 92 Shorter Notes : Osmunda cinnamomea f . cornucopiaef olia ; Two Ferns New to Trinidad 94 Recent Fern Literature 96 American Fern Society 98 Volume 34, Number 4, Pages 101-132, issued November 30, 1944 Some Conspicuous Ferns of Northern South America. Oscar naught 101 Annotations on West American Ferns — III Joseph Ewan 107 A New Isoetes from Ecuador „ Senry K. Svenson 121 Another Occurrence of the Apparent Hybrid Cystopteris. Warren S. Wagner, Jr, 125 Recent Fern Literature 127 American Fern Society 129 Index to Volume 34 130 oh 34 January-March, 1944 No. 1 ^ y Amprtratt 3n\x Jflttrtial »*-■ A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS P«l>Iuk«dl \y t!i« AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY j^ EDITORS WILUAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT a V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS J^ CONTENTS Reminiscences 1 Variety of Polypodium peltatum C. A. Weatheb" 17 A New Trichomanes from Colombia Oiplazium lonchophyllum in Louisiana MOBTOK 19 William E. Maxon 21 Shorter Notes: The Southeastern Relatives of Lycopod- ium inundatum; A Fern New to Worcester Co., Massa- chusetts; Nephrolepis tuberosa (Willd.) Presl .™...^ .. Recent Fern Literature #444-* fr^V^-^^M-'^Wt > American Fern Society ^*»# -■,*##■***» ^ J * ^***»fr** * **^**f ■■*-**-* •■***-*■* S4 2S 38 ■"\ ANNUAL SUBSC3UrnOH. $1^; FOREIGN. $! J5 N. QUEEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE, LANCASTER, PA- , . BROOKLYN. NEW YORK Entered as secoud-ela:^ i&atter at tli€^ post office at Lan<^ter, JPa.. under tbe Act of Bfarcb \ 1879. Acceptance for mailti^ at ^pHdai i-ate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of Oct^jer, I&IT, authorized on July 8, 1918. J" \ # \t v^ ^ " meruan 3tr n nrtrtg (SomtrtI for 1 044 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR ■ C- A. Weatherby, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts President Joseph Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Vice-President Mrs. E1.SIE Gibson Whitney, 274 South Main Ave., Albany, N. Y, Secretary Hen''ry K, Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y, Treasurer WiLiiiAM E. Maxon, Smithaonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C. Editor-in-Chief OFFICIAL ORGAN AmKtran Mtxn inurnal EDITORS WiXitiiAM R. Maxon Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D< C. B. G. Benedict .„.1819 Dorchester Road, Brooklyn 26, N. Y. C- V. MoETON Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D, C laA L. Wiggins Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Calif, An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. Subscription, $1.25 per year, foreign, 10 cents extra; sent free to members of the AMEEICAN FERN SOCIETY (annual dues, $1.50; life membership, $25.00). Extracted reprints, if ordered in advance, will be fumidied authors at cost. They should be ordered when proof is returned. Volume I, six numbers, $2.00; other volumes $1.25 each. Single back numbers 35 cents each. YoL I, No. 1; voL III, nos. 2, 3 and 4:; and vol. lY, no. 1, cannot be supplied except with complete volumes. Ten per cent discount to members and institutions on orders of six volumes or more. Matter for publication should be addressed to William R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C- Orders for back numbers and other business communications diould be addressed to the Treasurer of the Society. LIBRARIAN Miss Hester M. RrsK, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y. CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklm 25, Miss Hester N. T. A regular loan department is maintained in connection with the Society herbarium. Members may borrow specimens from it at any time, the borrower paying all postal or express charges. The pages of the Journal are also open to members who wish to arrange &x&migeB; a membership li?^ is published to further assist those interested in obtaining specimens from different localities. * ^' Attiprtran 3R?rn Jnurnal Vol. 34 January-March, 1944 No. 1 Reminiscences of Fern Collecting in Fiji A. C. Smith During tlie present period of turmoil in the southwest- ern PacifiCj botanists who have worked in any of the archipelagoes of that region are prone to wonder what changes will result from the war. There is, fortunately, no longer a possibility that the southwestern groups will pass from the control of friendly countries and become closed to occidental explorers, as have the mandated Micronesian islands. It is now only a question of time until the Pacific will again be at peace and all its islands open to further scientific exploration. Many of these archipelagoes, for example the Solomons and the New Hebrides, are very nearly unexplored from a botanical standpoint; others, such as Fiji, are much better known. Although not in the actual combat area, Fiji is strategi- cally important for its position; from a phytogeographic viewpoint also it is highly important, lying at the edge of the supposed old continental shelf and in the route of major plant movements from Papuasia eastward. It is just ten years ago that, as a Bishop Museum Fel- low in Yale University, I made a collection of plants in Fiji.^ Herbarium studies in the interval have kept my 1 For brief accounts of this trip see Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 35: 261-280, figs, 1-7 (1934) and Trop. Woods 41: 1-5 (1935). [Volume 33, No. 4 of the Journal^ pages 113-148, was issued December 15, 1943.] 1 2 American Fern Journal memories of this period vivid, and the present recollec- tions are set down in the hope that they will interest fern students whose experiences may not extend to the Pacific + tropics. In general, the Pacific islands, excluding the low limestone groups, are among the wealthier parts of the world in ferns, a large proportion of their vascular flora being made up by this fascinating group. During the course of my nine months in Fiji, I col- lected on eight or ten islands of the more than 200 which make up the archipelago. With the intention of avoid- ing the better-collected localities visited by earlier bot- anists, I concentrated on the higher portions of the large volcanic islands, spending several months on Vanua Levu (the Great Land), the second island of Fiji in size. Al- though more than 100 miles long, Vanua Levu is com- paratively narrow, averaging perhaps 20 miles in width. A nearly continuous mountain range extends for most of its length, and this range, lying athwart the southeast trade winds, sharply divides the island into a wet south- ern slope and a fairly dry northern slope. Like many other collectors of tropical plants, I have a certain aver- sion to dry countries; consequently I neglected the north- ern portions of Vanua Levu in order to concentrate on the wet and heavily forested southern slopes. Let him who will seek out the deserts, the grasslands, the dry reed-covered hills of tropical countries; surely fern stu- dents on the whole will agree with me in turning to the wet forests, where swollen streams pour over dark boulders and the trees are clad in masses of soaking epi- phytes. Here, in these cool green recesses of the rain- forest, is found the wealth of ferns that more than repays one for the sudden showers, the day-long torrential down- pours, the wet camp-sites, the soaking shoes, and other attendant discomforts. Eventually, I have always found, there is a. morning when the sun shines, and an open place Fern Collecting in Fiji 3 along a creek -where one can absorb the steaming heat and simultaneously let one's eyes roam over the edge of a bright green forest, with mosses and ferns cloaking the dripping branches and the drenched rocks. "What equal recompense has the fern-lover in dry countries, where, parched and exhausted by desiccating winds, hot, thirsty, he may eventually stumble upon a boulder beneath whicli lurks a sere brown clump of some depauperate Chei- lanthesf No, let us write only of the forest, the wet green forest, where graceful tree-ferns abound, where large-fronded epiphytes and minute mosslike filmy ferns cover the lower branches and the trunks of the canopj^- forming trees. To be sure, the reed-covered northern slopes of Vanua Levu are not devoid of ferns. Here are impenetrable tangles of stiff-fronded species of Gleichenia; here are extensive areas in which Pferidium aqiiilinum is domi- nant- But one need not go to the southwestern Pacific to study the Bracken. To obtain representative collections of the Vanua Levu forest, I ascended the main ridge in several places from the south coast. During my work in Fiji I was accom- panied by a Fijian boy of about 20 — Manoa by nam who obtained additional help in each village as we needed it, and who acted as interpreter and ''head boy." To obtain other local helpers was no problem, for most Fijians are woodsmen and look upon an excursion into the mountains as a lark, for which a few shillings or some trade-goods are ample recompense. Letters to the vari- ous district and village chiefs are also of the greatest value to a collector; in general these chiefs themselves are pleased to accompany such excursions, even though the motives behind the gathering of leaves and bits of moss are more or less inexplicable to them. By passing w myself off as a vunikaii (doctor of trees) — a sort of occi- American- Fern Journal Volume 34, Plate 1 ■S-.^JWKWK" I ■1- A -t ^ 1 .Jc' ^ ^^ -.% ■^,'■A^ ■"' - Ctathea ltjnulata in a Forest Clearing. ^ ^" r Ferk Collecting in Fiji 5 dental medicine man — I invariably obtained willing (if sometimes amnsed) cooperation from my Fijian friends. As illustrating the life of a plant collector in Fiji, I shall here confine my recollections to a period of a few days spent in western Vanua Levu. The western end of the island is dominated by Mount Seatura, an extensive mass rising very gradually from the coasts to an elevation of about 850 meters. To col- lect on the slopes and summit of this mountain was my principal motive in visiting Mbua, the westernmost of the three provinces making up Vanua Levu- At this time I was making my headquarters in the village of Ndania, about two miles up the Ndama River, which debouches somewhat south of the famous — or infamous — Mbua Bay, scene of certain lurid negotiations between sandalwood traders and Fijians more than a century ago. It is not unsatisfying to a botanist that some of these traders, who made Sanfaliim Yasi a rarity, found au uncomfortable permanence in Mbua. After some days^ collecting in the coastal hills of Mbua^ I set out to ascend the mountain. The best approach from Ndama lies up the so-called Ndriti Gap, which cuts off the southern Seatovo Range from the main mass of the mountain. On the afternoon of the selected day^ Manoa and I, accompanied by eight or ten boys * 'ap- pointed'' as carriers by the mhuli (chief) of the Ndama district, walked up the valley a few miles to the smaller village of Nangandoa. Here the Ndama is a pleasant slow stream about six meters wide, and we enjoyed a leisurely swim before dark. The iuranga ni koro (head man) of Nangandoa turned over a little house to us, and we set up a secondary headquarters here. In the morning we again set out, carrying only the minimum amount of baggage and leaving all drying equipment behind. The trail through Ndriti Gap passes American Fern Journal Volume 34, Plate 2 A. Construction of House, Showing Caudex of Cyathea lunulata Attached to End of Eidge-pole. B. Completed House, Showing Cax'dices at Both Ends. Fern Collecting in Fiji 7 first through dry open country, in which reeds (Mis- canthus japoniciis) and species of Gleichenia predonii- nate; but soon the lowland forest is entered, and tlie tiny village of Ndriti lies in a clearing in this forest, beside the now swift stream. Our party was expected at Ndriti; consequently we were welcomed with a yanggona ceremon3', the inevitable traditional performance of pre- paring and drinking the universal beverage of the Pacific, made from the roots of Piper methysticum. The ritual of making and partaking of this drink readily consumes a couple of hours, but to slight the courtesies it demands is verj^ impolitic; and anyway, this day it was raining hard, so I did not object to the time spent in social ameni- ties. After this " ceremony and an excellent lunch of prawns, ndalo (Colocasia antiquoriim), and native greens, I was able to discuss with my hosts plans for ascending the mountain. As they assured me that there was no trail, I offered to paj' three or four of the local men to mark a trail part way up the slope and to make an over-night shelter. This they proceeded to do, while I took Manoa and a couple of other helpers and collected in the rain in the nearbj' forest. The wet forest of low and middle elevations on Vanua Levu abounds in ferns, and the most casual collector soon becomes acquainted with such terrestrial forms as Athyrium melanocaulon, A. esculentiim^ A, tripin- natifidum, Microlepia speluncae, Tectaria latifolia, and the more common species of Bryopteris, of which about 30 species are known in Fiji. Among the tree-ferns are Cyathea propinqua and G. lunulata; the latter, probably the most common tree-fern in Fiji, is known all over the group as mhalambala. It is one of the few ferns which the Fijians use in their native economy, its long caudices serving as adornments to terminate the ridge-poles of houses, and also in some cases as interior wall uprights. 8 American Fern Journal \ The young fronds of this fern are eaten in times of scarcity, like those of many other species. Most ferns, of course, can be so eaten; but in a country as rich as Fiji, where yams, taro, breadfruit, coconuts, and many other delicious plant foods can be had at the cost of slight effort, the natives seldom rely upon ferns as food. In this tropical forest the epiphytic ferns are perhaps more conspicuous and varied than the terrestrial forms; simple-fronded epiphytes of common occurrence are Polypodhim accedens and Antrophyum alatum^ the lat- ter covering tree-trunks with dense mats of creeping tangled rhizomes. Curious epiphytes with pendant fronds are Vaginularia paradoxa and Vittaria scolopen- drina, the former with fronds up to 25 cm. long and only about 1 mm. broad, simulating narrow hanging grass- blades, the latter somewhat larger, with fronds up to a meter in length but proportionately broader. Among the peculiar humus-collecting epiphytes are to be men- tioned Asplenium nidus, Polypodnim Imguaeforme, and Drynaria rigidida; these have large coarse fronds and are '^nest-like" in growth, the bases of their fronds tend- ing to collect debris and humus. Common epiphytes with attractively divided fronds are Asplenium remotumj A. hipinnatifidiiniy and DavalUa fejeensis; to see the last species in abundance in its native home is of especial interest, for it is widely used as a greenhouse plant in hanging baskets. Our afternoon in the forest near Ndriti having resulted in the collection of some of the above-mentioned species and numerous flowering trees and shrubs, I decided to spend the following morning in the same pursuit and to return to Nangandoa to dry the collection before pro- ceeding up the mountain. Such flexible plans are really necessary in a region where the weather and the native temperaments are both subject to unpredictable vagaries. Fern Collecting in Fiji 9 In the vicinity of Ndriti, however, the weather is actually quite dependable; it is raining. Guppy,^ in his invalu- able geological study of Vanua Levu, tlescribcs Ndriti as one of the wettest places on the island. As I walked back down the trail to Nangandoa the sun was shining, but, looking behind me, I could see heavy clouds hanging in the deep valleys of Seatura. After putting into press our collections, we again started out for the mountain. Arriving at Ndriti, we found that all the men I had eiieaared were on the moun- &**& tain except one, who then guided Manoa and me up the trail they had marked. This trail, an overgrown sur- veyor's track that would have been invisible but for the recent clearing, leaves the valley of the Ndama for a small northern afBuent, which is forded repeatedly. The forest here is dense and is dominated by a small ulma- eeous tree, the masivait {Gironniera celiidifolia). In- visible birds, w^ith thrushlike notes, accompanied us. Common terrestrial ferns, as one ascends the mountain ridges, are Syngramma piny^ata, Blechnum orienialef and Asplenium laser pit lifoliuniy the last a handsome plant with quadripinnate fronds, which is often found on tree- trunks as well as on the ground. Species of Nephrolepis, either terrestrial or epiphytic, are abundant, among them iV. exalt ata and N, hiscrrata. A small tree-fern with large decompound fronds is Culcita stramineaj while Schizaea dichotoma is common on the forest floor, with species of Selaginella. This Schizaea is not very rem- iniscent of our northern species; it has a stiff stipe often 30 cm. in length and a diehotomously branching fanlike blade up to 10 cm. long, with the sporangia borne on pinnately arranged spikes at the tips of the segments. Didymochlaena truncatida is fairly abundant at middle elevations, and its presence in the Pacific is somewhat 2 Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, Vol. 1 (1903). 10 American Fern Journal surprising to one who has seen it so common in South America. Mount Seatura is a massive formation of criss-cross ridges and buttresses, and even from the high points one obtains no clear idea of the topography. Our trail led up the ridges fairly steeply, but in no parts was stiff climbing called for. By mid-afternoon, by pushing along without collecting, we found our advance party at about 500 meters elevation at a place they called ** Sea- tura/* Here the ridge flattens out momentarily and there used to be an old fortified town, the name of which has now been applied to the whole mountain, although the various peaks have other local names. The highest, for which I was aiming, is called Navotuvotu, but on 4 some of the charts it is marked as *^West Peak." At present there is no indication whatever of a town site at < i 0„„4- ?J Seatura ; dense heavy forest covers the ridge. I gath- ered that the natives of the Ndriti district used to retire to this easily defended spot in the old days, when things got too hot for them in the valley. Episodic warfare between the various tribes and villages, no more than a century ago, was a commonplace, and strategic village sites were essential. In the present century Seatura presents a peaceful enough aspect, beneath the huge quiet trees. My advance guard had here built a frame shelter, covered with the large leaves of Alpmia spp. and Heliconia Bihai. A frame for my canvas fly was erected in a few moments, and the solicitous Manoa made me a bed of saplings raised from the ground, covering it with the fronds of Angiopteris evecta and Marattia SmithiL There is no especial significance in the specific epithet of the latter, and I doubt if the Smith for whom it was named, nearly a century ago, ever spent such comfortable nights on its soft fronds. These two huge-fronded eusporangiate n Ferx Collecting in Fiji 11 ferns are among the most striking plants of the Fijian forests; in addition to their soporific qualities, the fronds of Angiopteris evecta are said to be eminently edible. As soon as we were fairly settled at Seatura the daily downponr began, and soon afterward a large percentage of the female population of Ndriti toiled up the hill, bringing our supper. This shows what sort of campers Fijian bushmen are. It was a good supper; the prawns in this region are large and deliciou*^. and I prefer them even to tinned beef and salmon, something my compan- ions found hard to believe. In Fiji I always carried a supply of tinned meat and fish, but seldom used this myself, as native food is usually abundant. Living in a region where the rivers and coastal reefs teem with deli- cious fish, the inhabitants look upon a can of salmon as a real prize. During the night the rain stopped and a hazy moon sent splotches of light through the forest to our peaceful camp. There was, of course, conversation ; in Fiji to talk at any time and on any subject is an in- alienable right. An old man named Masima (which means salt) held forth at great length, while everyone else went to sleep or pretended to. At about three o'clock I heard one of the women making a long loud speech, which evoked no rejoinder whatever; possibly she was complaining about the crazy ^'papalangi'* causing her to leave her comfortable bed to climb mountains in the rain. In the morning I found Manoa sleeping under my bed, for he said the shelter was crowded. As it held nine j^oung men and boys, four women, one old man, and one small boy, I considered this an understatement. So much for roughing it in Fiji. With seven or eight of the boys, I proceeded to Xavo- tuvotu. Some of them went ahead to open the old trail ; the rest followed slowly with me, and we collected every- thing in good condition. The trail follows a gradually 12 American Fern Journal rising ridge through dense forest, of which the tree- trunks are cloaked in masses of wet bryophytes and long drooping Lycopodinms. The hard- and simple-fronded epiphytes Oleandra Parksii and Selliguea feeioides are here abundant. Among noteworthy filmy ferns are Trichomanes ompkalodes, a species with minute peltate fronds less than 1 cm. in diameter, forming masses on tree-trunks, and T. apiifolium^ strikingly different, with large epiphytic quadripinnatifid fronds 30 to 50 cm. long. Toward the summit the forest is thinner in patches, and the typical ridge ferns are the harsh-fronded Blcchnum capense, B. Patersonii^ and Dipteris conjugata. The last ■ of these often forms conspicuous stands, and its large orbicular dichotomously cleft fronds, with scattered minute dorsal non-indusiate sori, are suggestive of no temperate fern. One of the most peculiar Fijian ferns of the upper slopes is Leptopteris Wilkesiana, a member of the Osmundaceae but in no way suggesting an Osmnnda. It is a treelike fern with a small slender caudex and comparatively small and membranaceous bipinnate fronds. Unlike the osmundaceous plants of temperate regions, Leptopteris bears its sori dorsally on the green fronds. The ultimate two miles of our ridge toward Navotuvotu is clothed with tangled thickets of Freycinetia — a relative of the screw-pines — and one of the few ferns which is thoroughly objectionable, Histiop- teris siniiata. The sprawling fronds of this unwelcome fern, 6 meters and more in length, form interlaced tangles w^hich are nearly impenetrable. The polished rachises and axes are tough and resilient, resisting machete strokes, so that one must crawl through a tunnel made by bodily pressure. In this manner, creeping and squirming through harsh masses of nistiopfens fronds, we came to the summit of Navotuvotu and found a sur- veyor's beacon in a small tangled clearing. The day was Fern Collecting in Fiji 13 surprisingly clear and we had an excellent view in all directions. From this summit several adjacent islands, such as Ovalau and the mass of Viti Levu, can be seen, as well as a large part of Vanua Levu. To the east, one looks across the Wainunu and Ndreketi valleys, with their picturesque sharp peaks of curious names Ndrandramea, Mbonolailai, Navungingumu, Osoyan- gairokokumilevu, and others nearlv as strancfe. Fijians show the greatest interest in surveying their country from the peaks, and I believe they welcomed my excursions as a legitimate excuse to ascend their little- known mountains, from whose summits they eagerly pointed out landmarks to one another. On this occasion I soon had them all collecting in the vicinity of Navotu- votu, and in a few hours we had fairly well exhausted the immediate locality. Our return trip to the camp at Seatura beat the darkness and the usual downpour by a few minutes. This night I had no difficulty in sleeping all the dark hours, conversation notwithstanding. The procession which straggled down to Ndriti the next morning consisted of: Manoa, carrying a plant press and au axe; one botanist, carrying a machete and trying to keep his footing while looking up for flowering trees; one boy, carrying a copra sack to hold the day's collections; three boys, carrying yesterday's plants; Masima, dressed in a couple of leaves and wondering how he got into this party; four women bearing culinary accessories and even a yanggona bowl; one small boy, carrj^ing a basket full of empty tin cans; five or six boys carrying assorted baggage and earning their pay very easily. This parade gradually trickled past its head, and Manoa and I, col- lecting the plants marked on the upward trip, were the last to reach Ndriti. Here we had a spot of yanggona, said farewell to our companions, and continued to Nan- gandoa, where the next two days were spent in preparing and dryin^r the Seatura collections. 14 American Fern Journal The preceding paragraphs will perhaps have given the ^ reader a sketchy impression of collecting methods in Fiji — at least of the writer's methods, which will pos- sibly seem somewhat leisurely and haphazard to collectors who follow a more rigid schedule. Ferns probably are not so conspicuous in the vegetation of Fiji as in that of some other Pacific groups — the SoeietieSj for instance. The phanerogamic flora of Fiji is much richer than that of the eastern archipelagoes, and the pteridophytes there- fore are comparatively subsidiary to the dense and varied rain-forests. Our first knowledge of the ferns of Fiji is scarcely more than 100 years old, dating to the U. S. Exploring Exj>edi- tion of 1838-1842. xpedi MacGillivray and Milne tion were described by Brackenridge, one of its members, in Volume 16 of the publications of the U. S. Exploring Expedition (1854^55), one of the rarest of botanical books, now to be found in only a very few libraries. Seemann^s Flora Vitiensis (1865-73), still the standard reference work pertaining to the Fijian flora, although necessarily incomplete by modern standards, includes a section on ferns (pp. 331-378) contributed by Carruthers (1873), in which the collections made by Seemann, and Harvey are discussed. A 4 later collection made by Home was discussed by J. G. Baker^ and 14 species were described as new. Home's collections were uniformly poor and badly preserved, but they were said to have contained about 200 species and varieties of ferns. The most important and most recent comprehensive treatment of Fijian ferns is Prof. E. B. Copeland^s ''Ferns of Fiji,^'^ in which knowledge pertaining to the group is summarized and keys to genera and species are 3 Journ. Bot. 17: 292-300. 1879. 4 Bishop Mus. Bull. 59. 1929. Fern Collecting in Fiji 15 given. All the major fern families are present in Fiji, and Copeland recognizes 63 genera and 230 species (exclnding Lycopodium, Selaginella, Eqnhetum, etc.). His treatment of generic lines was perhaps more conser- vative in 1929 than it Avould be in 1944, and the number of Fijian genera will be considerably augmented if one recognizes the many segregates in the Hymenophjdiaceae. Copeland 's interesting analysis of the fern flora of Fiji shows that only 46 species were considered by him to be endemic— a mere 20 per cent of the total. This is notably low, in comparison to the percentage of endem- ism among ferns in such Pacific groups as Hawaii, New Caledonia, and New Guinea, and it is well below the percentage of endemism among indigenous flowering plants in Fiji. Although no figures are available for this, because our knowledge of Fijian flowering i:>lants is still far from complete, I estimate that the percentage of endemism, excluding obvious introductions, ap- proaehes 50 per cent. The only endemic genus of ferns in Fiji is the monotypie Orthiopteris. That compara- tively few new species of ferns remain to be discovered in Fiji is indicated by the fact that, among about 600 numbers of ferns collected by mj-^self in 1933-34 and by Mr. Otto Degener in 1940-41, Dr. Carl Christensen and Professor Copeland discovered a total of only six species which appeared new to them. Excluding the endemics and a few species of dubious range, Copeland analyzes the remaining 170 Fijian species as follows: 21 (12 per cent) are known only from islands to the east, whereas 149 (88 per cent) are known farther west than Fiji, although some of these also occur to the east. Of these 149 species, 45 are cos- mopolitan or pantropieal, 43 range into Asia beyond the Malay Peninsula, 31 are Malayan, 6 occur no farther west than New Guinea, and 24 are known from the New 4 16 American Fern Journal 4 Hebrides, New Caledonia, or Australia. These figures, of course, are not too accurate, primarily because of our scanty knowledge of the ferns of the New Hebrides, the Solomons, and New Guinea. As to the last huge island, a vast amount of knowledge has been accumulated since 1929 because of the collections of the Archbold Expedi- tions, and Copeland would doubtless now revise his fig- ures substantially as a result of his studies of these collec- tions. In regard to the ferns, as to flowering plants, it may confidently be stated that a true understanding of the Fijian representatives will not be gained until the flora of New Guinea is better understood, for the course of plant migration from New Guinea through the Solo- mons and New Hebrides and into Fiji becomes more evident with every collection from these regions. Of course, the Fijian flora had other sources than Papuasia; some elements are distinctly Australian or New Cale- donian, others are Micronesian, and a comparatively few are Polynesian. But in general one must look to New Guinea for the major Fijian relationships, among ferns as among spermatophytes. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. A Variety of Polypodium peltatum 17 I I A Southern Variety of Polypodium peltatum C. A. Weatherby In my revision of the group of Polypodmm lanceo- latum,^ I noted nnder P. polylepis Roem. (now to be called P. peltatum Cav,, an earlier name^) two collections from Chiapas and Guatemala which differed from most individuals of the species (a plant chiefly of the highland of central and southern Mexico) in their larger blades, only sparsely beset beneath with small scales. At the time, because of the scant material available, I attempted no taxonomic recognition of this variant. The ample collec- tions of Standi ey cited below are^ however, remarkabl.v uniform and agree well with the two specimens originally seen. They indicate a well-established regional variant, apparently confined to the Sierra Madre of Chiapas and adjacent Guatemala, which may be described as follows : Polypodium peltatum Cav. var. interjectum, var. nov., paleis rhizomatis ut in varietate typica, a qua differt laminis lanceolatis, paleis laminae paginae inferioris diametro 0.5 mm. vel minoribus subsparsis. A P. lanceo- lat% cui habitu simillimum, varietatibus omnibus differt paleis integris, eorum rhizomatis cellulis medianis parvis lumine inconspicuo. ^ Rhizome-scales as in the typical variety, from w^hich it differs in its lanceolate blades, the under surface of which IS only sparsely beset with peltate scales 0.5 mm. or less in diameter. From all varieties of P. lanccolatnm it differs in its entire scales, those of the rhizome with the cells of the dark central band small and with inconspicuous Inmina. Mexico. — Chiapas : San Cristobal, Collins & Doyle 135 (US). Guatemala. — Quetzaltenango : Kellerman 5947 (US) ; on rocks, Cerro la Pedrera, south of Quetzalte- 1 Contr. Gray Herb. 65: 10. 1922. 2 See Christensen, '* Taxonomic Fern-Stuaies III/' in Dansk Bot. Arldv, 93; 11. 1937. 18 American Fern Journal nango, 2400 m. alt, Feb. 18, 1939, Standley 66488 (F) ; on tree in forest, 3300 m., slopes of Volcan de Santa Maria, above Palojunoj, March 6, 1939, Standley 67602 (F). Totonicapam: Cumbre del Aire, 3000-3450 m., Feb. 20, 1939, Standley 65926 (F). Solola: ^'Hohen- strasse Totonicapam,'' 3400 m., Jan. 23, 1929, F. Morton 498 (F). Chtmaltenango : Dense Cnpressus forest, on tree, Cerro de Tecpam near Santa Elena, 2700 m.^ Dec. 4, 1938, Standley 58769 (F) ; same locality, Dec. 26, 1938, Standley 60957, type, in herb. Field Musenm. Superficially P. peltatum var. interjectnm strongly resembles both typical P. lanceolatum and its var. tri- cJiophortim (which occurs in Guatemala, but, so far as the specimens at hand show, farther north and east), and has usually been determined as P. lanceolatum. In all varieties of that species, however, the scales are finely erose-serrulate and the central cells of the rhizome scales are so large as to be rather readily made out under a 10 x hand-lens. In the new variety, as in typical P. peltatum, all the scales are essentially entire and the central cells of the rhizome scales are small, with lumina difficult to see under a hand-lens. Typical P. peltatnm has, commonly, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate blades, the lower surface of which is densely covered with relatively large, orbicular, peltate scales 0.8-1 mm. in diameter. It also occurs in Guate- mala, but, like P. lanceolatum var. trichopliorumy appar- ently north and east of the area of the present variety. As might be expected, broad-bladed individuals of P- peltatum sometimes occur in Mexico, for example, Lyonnet 898 from the Federal District (G) and Arsene 1839 from Pnebla (G) ; but they have the large scales of the lower surface characteristic of the typical variety. I am much indebted to the staff of the Field Museum for the privilege of examining specimens and for many other courtesies during my stay there. Abbreviations 1 A New Trichomanes 19 after specimens cited are those usually employed for the herbaria concerned: F, Field Mnseum; G, Gray Her- barium ; US, United States National Herbarium. Gray Herbarium. A New Trichomanes from Colombia* C- V. Morton The Filmy Ferns of Colombia are not well known at the present time. Nevertheless, the present species seems very different from any thus far described. It is dedi- cated to the collector, Mr. Oscar Haught, whose numerous and beautifully prepared specimens are adding so greatly to our knowledge of the floras of Colombia and Ecuador. I am indebted to Mr. E. C. Leonard for the illustration of this interesting species. Trichomanes Haughtii Morton, sp. nov. Planta epiph^'tica ; i-hizoma late repens, graeile, 0.25- 0.5 mm. diam., dense nigro-pilosum ; folia solitaria, dis- tantia, 3-6.5 cm. longa, stipitibus usque ad 3 cm. longis, fere usque ad basin late viridi-alatis, basi ipsa parce et inconspicue pilosulis, alibi glabris ; lamina glabra, tenuiter membranacea, viridis, valde irregularis, subpinnata, rhachi ubique valde alata, segmentis ^6, alternis, re- motis, usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, simplicibus vel dichotomiSy segmentis ultimis oblongis, 2-6 mm. longis, 1.5-2 mm. latis, apice emarginatis, margine integris, planis, glabris; venae dichotomae^ in segmentis solitariae; venae falsae nullae ; involucra immersa, in lobis f rondium venas pri- marias vel secundarias interiores terminantia, infundi- buliformiaj limbo anguste dilatato, integro, glabro, re- ceptaeulo longe exserto. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,705,823, collected in vicinity of Barranca Bermeja, between Soga- ^ i:'ubiished by perini Institution. 20 American Fern Journal, moso and Carare Rivers, Magdalena Valley, Department of Santander, Colombia, at 100 meters elevation, Decem- ber 7, 1936, by Oscar Haught (no. 2095). Trichomanes Haughtii Morton (Natural Size) The present species is referable to the genus Vanden- hoschia of Copeland^s ** Genera Hymenophyllacearum,'' i.e., EutricJiomanes of most authors, a group containing T. pyxidiferiim L., T. hymeiiophylloides van den Bosch, T, scandens Swartz, and many other species. None of the known species are very closely related to the present one, however, which is distinguished by its very broad seg- ments and very simple branching* In its coarse aspect Hy udiculatum Mart, Smithsonian Institution. n M* 1 DiPLAZIUM LONCHOPHYLLUM 21 Diplazium lonchophyllum in Louisiana William R. Maxon Following their illustration and brief description of Diplazium lonchophyllum in ''Ferns and Fern Allies of Louisiana'' (1942), Brown and Correll remark: ''This Mexican and Central American species is well estab- lished in a densely wooded ravine on the south side of Avery Island, Possibly it is a natural introduction, since the species is not supposed to be in cultivation any- where on the island/' The plant in question is represented in the National Herbarium by two specimens (Z). S, & H. B. Correll 9491), collected in July, 1938, and reported to Dr. Correll by the writer in October of the same year as D. loncho- phyllum Kunze, which is apparently the name to be adopted for this highly variable Mexican and Central American species, wrongly taken up by Christensen in the Index Filicum as D. denticulosnm (Desv.) C. Chr. In response to the writer's query as to whether the plant might have been introduced upon Avery Island b}^ the owner, Col. E. A. Mcllhenny, Dr. Correll wrote: "CoL Mcllhenny told me that he had not introduced any ferns r on the south part of the island, where the Diplazium was found, I did not see any of the fern in cultivation on the island, and I believe it is most likely an introduction from Mexico. It was well established in a wooded ravine about 50 feet deep." Subsequently (Feb. 6, 1939), upon receiving from Dr. Correll a letter upon the subject, CoL Mcllhenny wrote him as follows : *'So far as I know, no Diplazium lonchophyllum have ever been brought to Avery Island from the outside. This fern has been growing here always, apparently. It is curious that this is not the first time that plants from South America have been found on Avery Island and nowhere else in the United States. Very few Mexican or 22 American Fern Journal "West Indian plants have been brought here. I cannot give you a list of the plants that have been tested at Avery Island, but I will say that for the past 30 years all the plants imported by the U. S. Bureau of Plant Introduction that will grow in a similar climate to the Gulf Coast have been tested here. I have now something over 7,000 varieties that seem happy in my grounds." From the foregoing it might be readily assumed, at first, that in some way D. lonchophyllum has been intro- duced upon Avery Island by man; nevertheless the answer to the riddle is neither simple nor certain. In the first place, Dr. Correll states that there w^ere 25 or 30 chimps of the fern, growing luxuriantly, with every ap- pearance of being native and quite at home in the deep, damp ravine. This, of course, would indicate natural propagation over a considerable period, for the delib- erate introduction of so many individuals (unless very young plants) can hardly be assumed; besides which there is no record of this species having been available in the United States horticultural trade. As to its possible origin from a Government source, the records of the Office of Plant Introduction, U. S. Department of Agriculture, show that no living fern plants have ever been distributed to growers and that the spores of only six species have been sent out, these all I from Ceylon, Java, or the Philippines and, so far as known, all failing to reproduce. There is the bare possi- bility that living flowering plants of Mexican or Central American origin, distributed by the Department of Agri- culture, may by accident have carried the Diplazium spores; but this is most unlikely, if one considers the length of time ordinarily required for propagation before living plants are ready for distribution. Of other human agencies of introduction we have no record. Individuals may have brought or sent in living plants or viable spores in ignorance or disregard of plant quarantine regula- tions, or before such legislation was enacted. DiPLAZIUM LONCHOPHYLLU^I 23 There remains the possibility that migrant birds, on their visits in great numbers to this well-known coastal isanctuary, may have brought in the spores on their muddy feet. But this could have happened also in the case of perhaps a hundred other fern species, equally w^ell fitted (it would seem) to make their home in Louisiana, which are still known only from tropical regions. Perhaps the occurrence of D. lonchophyllum as nu- merous individuals on Avery Island will remain a puzzle ; yet, despite the disquieting shadow of known plant intro- duction, one may suggest that this species is possibly native there, either as a relict or as an adventive. Dr. Correll mentions as its common associate Pteris cretica^ a tropical and subtropical species whose status as a native of the Southern States, though often questioned, now seems assured. Tropical elements in our southern fern flora are numerous and diverse, and the number con- stantly grows as exploration proceeds. Perhaps the most remarkable extension of range is that of Dicranopferis flexuosa, found on Mon Louis Island, in the extreme southwestern coastal region of Alabama, separated from the mainland only by Fowl River, a bayou connecting Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound. This record,^ which added a new fern family to the United States flora, is beyond question, though the locality has since been de- stroyed, and there are more than a few examples of similar disjunct distribution. Diplazium lonchopJujllitm may be another. The case is well worth looking into. At first a doubter, to say the least, the writer has nearly convinced himself that the plant under discussion is native to Avery Island, and he will not be much sur- prised to have it turned up by collectors at other points in southern Louisiana in the course of botanical explora- tion. Incidentally, D. loncJiophyllum is well worth cul- tivating. Of our native species it most resembles lAmer. Fern Jouni. 4: 15-17. 19U. 24 American Fern Journal Athyrktm (or Diplazium) acrostichoides^ but the pinnae are comparatively few, distant, triangular-lanceolate from an inequilateral base, and coarsely and unequally pinnatifid. Smithsonian Institution. Shorter Notes 11 n m Note on the Southeastern Relatives of Lycopodium ** ^m inundatum. — In reviewing a pamphlet on the ferns of Charleston, South Carolina, in the April-June number of This Journal,^ Mr. Weatherby noted the care with which the compilation had been done. One error fre- quently made by synonymizers is however copied in it, namely, placing Lycopodium adpressum (Chapm.) Lloyd & Underw. as an equivalent of L, inundatum var. Bige- lovii Tuckerm. If there is to be any such reduction to synonymy, it is var. pinnatum Chapm. which must be placed under Bigelovii^ as they differ only in size. On the other hand, L, adpressum differs from all the others concerned in its strikingly appressed peduncle-leaves and sporophylls. If, as Professor Hunt holds, the entities- concerned are only varietally distinct, his No, 28 should become L. inundatum var. adpressum Chapm. — Edgar T. Wherry, University of Pennsylvania. A Fern New to Worcester County, Massachusetts. The present note is for the purpose of recording the recent discovery of Polypodiiim virginiamim forma cam- hricoides in Worcester County, at an elevation of about 1,400 feet, by Miss Patience Fay, of Princeton, Mass. Two plants were found, each producing several fronds; they were not growing on rocks. I have myself found this fern in southern New Hampshire, at about the same ^ altitude, along with the typical form of the species, on ^ leaf mold so thick that rocks were not in evidence. — Mrs. Frank C. Smith, Worcester^ Mass. 133: 77. 1943. Recent Ferx Literature 25 Nephrolepis tuberosa (Willd.) Presl.— At the begin- ning of the article containing a description of Poly- podium tuberosum from Ecuador, in the last number of the JouRKAL, casual reference is made to a well-known ''tuberous" Nephrolepis there called, inadvertently, N. tiiherosa, which is a synonym ot N. cordifoUa (L.) Presl. This is a common and widely distributed tropical species. Notes regarding its supposed occurrence in Florida will shortly be published. — William R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution. Recent Fern Literature Dr. R, M. Tryon, Jr., has published^ a revision of Doryopteris, a rather small genus of the tribe Pterideae, distinguished from related genera such as Cheilanthes and Pellaea by having the long-stalked sporangia borne on a continuous receptacle connecting the vein ends and covered wath a continuous, reflexed, marginal indusium, and by the generally pedate type of division of the frond, suggesting somewhat in outline the well-known United States species Pityrogramma triangularis and Bommeria hispida. The species are all tropical and are found in various parts of the world, but they are most numerous in southern Brazil. The best know^n species is D. pedata, common in the West Indies and, in varietal forms, from Mexico south to A „ The genus has never before had a critical treatment. Christ ensen^s Index Filicum and Supplements recognized 44 nominal species. Dr. Tryon now recognizes 26, the others being either reduced to varietal status or to synon- ymy or excluded from the genus. Tryon 's work im- presses one as being exceptionally thorough and scholarly. Although obvious characters of habit and indument are not neglected, he has investigated especially the steles of iContr. Gray Herb. 143: 1-80. 1942. 26 American Fern Journal. the stipe^ the vascular structure of the blades, and the characters of the spores, and he finds that these all afford good specific criteria, much better than those given by the division of the blade, usually stressed by previous authors. Dr. Tryon's descriptions are very well drawn, and his practice of italicizing the principal specific dis- tinctions is an aid to the student. The fine line-drawings of all the species are especially noteworthy. Tryon divides the genus into sections, Lytoneuron and Eiidoryopteris^ which were orginally proposed by Klotzsch on the basis of venation, the first having free, the second reticulate veins. It is unfortunate that Tryon has not been able to keep up this distinction. By includ- ing in Lytoneuron one species with areolate venation he has rendered the sectional lines somewhat obscure. This was done because he believes that in determining rela- tionship in the genus the structure of the scales and the ^ presence of two vascular strands in the stipe are of more * importance than venation. Exception must be taken to his choice of type for the genus. Doryopteris was described by John Smith in 1841 with six original species. In 1875 he chose Pteris pedata L. as the type of the genus, and in this he has been followed by Christensen and Tryon. This is, however, nomenclaturally an impossible choice, because Pteris pedata is not one of the species originally included * in the genus, and was not referred to it until some ten years later. Of the six species originally included, Pteris palmata Willd. is the logical choice as type. It is the oldest and best known of the species, and moreover it is the one chosen by John Smith^ to illustrate the genus. Tryon 's specific concept is broad, perhaps too much so F in at least one case. Doryopteris decipiens is considered as merely a variety of D. decora, although the two are 2 Ferns Brit. & For. 194. 1866. I Recent Ferx Literature 27 typically very different and may be distinguished at arm's length. To be sure, Tryon states that there are intermediates, but those in the National Herbarium that rm •ff 863 and Yuncker 3479 quite as surely D. decipiens. On the other hand I have no special objection to his treat- ment of D. palmata and Z>. Raddiana as varieties of D. pedata^ because the characters separating these forms seem not quite so fundamental as those exhibited by other species of the section. Typical palmata is distinguished by the presence of buds at the base of the leaf blades, but not all leaves have them. In fact one specimen so identi- fied by Tryon (F, L. Herrera, from Cuzco, Peru, U. S. Nat. Herb. 1,237,072) has no buds on any of the leaves, and thus is hardly distinguishable from some of the Bolivian forms of Z>, pedata var. multipartita {D. Raddiana). Doryopteris nobilis is a species of southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Bolivia, but Tryon cites also three specimens from Colombia, hundreds of miles out- side the normal range of this species. Two of these are in the National Herbarium, and after studying them it seems to me probable that they are only slightly aberrant specimens of D. pedata var. palmata^ which is very abun- dant in Colombia. They do not show to any perceptible extent the serrulate toothing which is characteristic of -D. not) His. The few criticisms I have just made are purely minor in nature. Dr. Tryon 's paper is a real advance in the taxonomy of the Pterideae. It is only after similar studies of Notholaena, CheilantJies, PeUaea^ and some other groups have been made that pteridologists will be in a position to redefine the genera of Pterideae along more natural lines. — C. V. M, ^ 28 American Fern Journal What we know about ferns as food is ably summarized for the regions covered in two especially well prepared and authoritative recent publications — Fernald and Kin- sey's '* Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America''^ (except peninsular Florida) and Merrill's ** Emergency Food Plants and Poisonous Plants of the Islands of the Pacific/ ^^ The former gives a more or less detailed ac- count of about a thousand American species which may be used for food, wdth the particular virtues of each and ways of preparing it; descriptions, statements of range, habitat and season of availability where needed; and comment full of information and very readable. Only two species of ferns, Bracken and Ostrich Fern, are ad- mitted to the recommended list; Cinnamon Fern (the young central fronds of a crown, eaten raw) is given a qualified endorsement; and Equisetitm limosum, which is said to have been used for food in Europe, is mentioned only to be condemned. Dr. Wherry's warning against eating fern fiddle-heads (This Journal 32: 108), though not mentioned, is evidently regarded as inapplicable to the recommended species — only, one should make sure of the identity of any wild plant he is about to eat- Dr. Merriirs work, of pocket size, is designed pri- marily for the use of the armed forces in the Pacific. Necessarily much more condensed than Fernald and Kinsey's, it yet gives well illustrated and clear accounts of the appearance, habitats, and uses of the food-plants likely to be encountered in the Pacific islands. As might be expected in the tropics, the proportion of ferns is comparatively large. The buds of many tree-ferns, the whole plant of Swamp-fern {Ceratopteris thalictroides^ 1 Fernald, M. L. and A. C. Kinsey. Edible Wild Plants of East- ern North America- Idlewild Press, Coruwall-on-Hudson, New York. 1943. Pp. xvi, 452, 25 pis., 129 text-figs. $3.00. 2 Merrill, E. D. Emergency Food Plants and Poisonous Plants of the Islands of the Pacific. U. S. War Dept. Technical Manual TM 10-420. 1943. Paper, 149 pp., 113 figs. For sale hy the Super- intendent of Documents, Govt, Printing Office, Washington, D- C. 15 cents ; stamps not accepted. Recent Fern Literature 29 experiments in th^ cultivation of which were described by Dr. Copeland in This Journal 32: 121-126), the fiddle-heads of Athyrhim esculenUim, and the young leaves of Stenoclilaena palustris and Acrostichum aureum may be eaten. The Ceratopteris and Athyrium are especially recommended, cooked or raw. — C. A. Weatherby. That the members of the genus Equisetum take up from the soil large amounts of silica is generally known, but the accumulation of aluminum by Lycopodiums is less familiar. An exhaustive study of these plants from this standpoint has just been published by Mr. G. Evelyn Hutchinson and Miss Anne AVolIack.^ They find it con- venient to recognize two genera, the primitive Urostachys, vrhich includes the eastern United States species U. selago (L.) Hert. and U. hiciduhis (Michx.) Hert- (combina- tions which failed to get included in Broun 's Index^) and the more specialized Lycopodhim proper. Twelve species of Urosfachys were analyzed, and proved to be little richer in aluminum than ordinary plants. The 22 species of Lycopodmm similarly studied ^vere not only high in aluminum, but actually, at least in one group (Eulyco podium), showed a correlation be- tAveen aluminum content and morphologic specialization: The relatively primitive L. annotinum showed the lowest <3ontent, followed in order by L. clavafum, L. ohscurum, L, salinaefolium, and then by the overlapping compla- "^(itum-flahelliforme'tristachyiim series. A com]3lete analysis was also made of the ash of L, fld'helliforme, and compared with the average for vegeta- tion in general. In most constituents the percentages "^ere roughly equal, but the aluminum content of the Lycopodmm was 137 times that of ordinary plants. Edgar T. Wherry. 1 Biological Accumulators of Alummum. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts & 8ci. 35: 73. 1943. 2 Index to N. Amer. Ferns. 1938. 30 American Fern Journal American Fern Society Report of the President for 1943 The past year has been a quiet one for the Society. Like most other scientific associations, we have cancelled our usual meetings. Only the Fern Journal — always our central'activity — has gone on quite as usual, or better than usual. Maxon fellow editors it has been notable for the readability, variety, and solid value of its contents. The Society was founded in 1893; last year was its fiftieth. Ordinarily, such an anniversary would have been marked by special ceremonies ; under war conditions, it seemed best not to attempt anything of the sort. Pos- sibly a postponed celebration can he held later. Mean- while, some of the looking back at the past and forward at the future which an anniversary should bring about is possible and useful. The earlier history of the Society, up to 1910, has been well reviewed in reminiscent articles by Dr. Waters, Mr. Winslow, and Professor Clute in recent volumes of the Journal. The most striking and significant feature about the whole course of action of the Society since 1910 is that it has obviously been based on faith in the vitality and permanent usefulness of the organization. The founding of the Fern Journal; the setting up of life memberships with a capital fund to receive their fees; the beginning of a library; the generous and very help- ful support of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and the establishment of physical headquarters there; the in- corporation of the Society — all these have testified to that faith. There is always room for improvement; some projects have failed; no doubt opportunities have been lost. But on the whole, through good times and through the difficulties incident to the last war and to the mis- deeds of a too much trusted treasurer, the Society has^ * American Fern Society 31 so far, justified our faith. Our task, now, is to see that the justification continues. There is very much for us to do. The fear, long ago expressed by Professor Clute, that the Society's work was done and that ''fern study'' would in future be too technical for a largely amateur group like ours has proved groundless. I would call especial attention to the Treasurer's remarks as to the value of the contributions to science made, and still to be made, by amateurs. They are very true. Two examples, taken at random, may serve as illustrations of what any of us can do, Mrs. Griff eth's spore-cultures of Scott's Spleenwort have gone far to explain the behavior in nature of that once contro- versial plant; Mr. Harlow's little experiment with one of the forms of the Polypody has shown it to be only a curious and unexpected response to conditions of growth. Everyone who has a bit of back yard or even a few flowerpots in a window wherein to grow and observe ferns, everyone who will take an occasional walk, with his eyes open, through some handy bit of woodland, has the opportunity to uncover such new bits of knowledge. Careful local lists are still, and always will be, of value. The officers of the Society are ready to advise. And, above all detail, it is our duty and our privilege in these darkened and perilous times to ''keep lighted the lamp of knowled^ tions are to profit from the advances of the past. ' ' I stoutly believe that we can carry on effectively only if the Society continues to function actively as a rallying point for lovers of natural history, professional and amateur, who have a common interest in ferns, and to Biaintain the Fern Journal as what it now is, a nearly unique medium of publication and source of information for them. The past year has not been altogether encour- aging. Expenses have risen: receipts have fallen off. 32 American Fern Journal There have been a rather large number of delinquent members and, naturally in the midst of the preoccupa- tions of war, a rather small accession of new ones. Our only resource lies in the active interest of the members. We can but repeat and ask them to take to heart, the old, but always valid, adjurations: Pay your dues promptly; interest others as you have the chance ; stand by. C. A. Weatherby, President Report of the Secretary for 1943 Due to the necessary curtailment of travel facilities, the Society held none of its usual meetings during the year. But to some of the members, especially those of longer affiliation, it has not been forgotten that March marked the fiftieth anniversary since a small group of friendly fern lovers got together and organized The Linnaean Fern Chapter of the Agassiz Association, which later changed its name to American Fern Society. Cele- bration of this half-century of work and progress must await a return to more normal travel conditions. Since the last report we have lost by death one of our esteemed Honorary Members, Dr. Carl Christensen, and several other members of long standing : J. B. Flett, who joined in 1899; H, E. Eansier, 1902; C. L. Gruber, 1907; and Dr. T. E. Hazen, 1910. Death also has removed Dr. C. Stuart Gager, Bennet B. Bristol, Mrs. George Kelton and W. H. Cathcart. Through resignation and for non- payment of dues 34 others are missing from last year's membership list. Thirteen new members have been added, making the membership 358 on December 31st, a figure somewhat less than our maximum of a few years 4 ago. It is quite understandable that under the stress of war conditions some of our members have been too fully occu- pied with war work to keep up an active interest in ferns; to some it may seem even that it is too luxurious a American Fern Society 33 in more workers in hospitals, Red Cross activities, and other relief agencies. In common with most other scientific societies, and judging from experiences during the last war, we should expect a certain dropping-off in members. This does not indicate, necessarily, any lessening of in- terest, but only that for the time it has been over- shadowed by greater necessity. When our ''boys and girls" come home again, from possible brief adventures with foreign floras, we may expect our fair share of new and enthusiastic members. Meanwhile we who hold the fort on this home front may well keep in mind and act upon a sentence in the first President's first report. Willard N. Clute, then president, said, '*It is hoped that the members will neg- lect no opportunity to enlarge the Chapter." When we remember that this admonition was addressed to only about 25 members (and see how we have grown!), we may expect that at the second semi-centennial it will be possible to look back and say, ''The first fifty years was the hardest ! ' ' Respectfully submitted, Elsie G. WmTNEY, Secretary Report of the Treasurer for 1943 Am Fern Society was still in fairly good financial condition but that cooperation of all members w^ould be needed to keep it so. As in all other scientific organizations during this period of war, our financial situation has gradually deteriorated, and we find ourselves on December 31, 1943, with $100 had one year previously. This means that we did not really meet expenses during the past year. The sale of back numbers of the Fernt Jourxal was somewhat less^ 34 American Fern Journal but the primary cause was loss of income in respect to dues and the greatly increased costs of printing. Our membership campaign of a few years past resulted in a considerable increase in our numbers which has been offset by losses of the last three years. In the new trends of natural history of the present day, popular interest in the known things around us is being stressed, rather than the oddities of foreign lands. Anyone can recog- nize ferns in general. They occur in all parts of the country, and the intricacies of their distribution and habits of growth and actual identity are such that the beginning amateur with good judgment can add greatly to the stock of information that has been acquired over the years by the professional botanist. This is the first time that the treasurer has entered upon a discussion of the non-financial aspect of the Fern Society, and he does so with a strong belief that the unprofessional citizen will contribute more to our future natural science. For this we need more members. Last year the Auditing Committee recommended that the item Notes Keceivable be reappraised to an inventory value of $1.00. This has been done. The liability for the note, however, remains the same. It is felt that the inventory value for the American Fern Society library has been too high and we have accordingly reduced the acount by 20 per cent in the following statement. Eeceipts Amount Suh-Total Total Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1943 $232.42 1941 Membership Arrears $ 4.50 $ 4,50 1942 Membership Arrears 20.30 20.30 1943 Membership Eenewals 385.50 1943 New Members 12.00 397.50 1944 Membership Renewals 10.10 1944 New Members 10.50 20.60 1945 Membership Renewals 2.00 2.00 1943 Subscription Renewals 67.12 1943 New Subscribers „ 8.95 76.07 1944 Subscription Renewals 44.43 1944 New Subscribers 2.50 46.93 1945 Subscription Renewals 1.25 1.25 American Fern Society 35 Sale of back numbers A.F.J. 64.05 Sale of '*Vai\ and Forms of Ferns of E. N. Am.'' 2.50 Member Contribution (for postage) 1.40 Gift (books) A.F.S. Library 3.50 Gift (books) A.F.J, back numbers 32.87 1943 Advertising 4.00 Reprints 36.95 Transferred from Bissell Herbarium 64.05 Fund 10.05 2.60 1,40 3.50 32.87 4.00 36.95 10.05 $724.47 Deduction a/c Gift (books), A.F.S. Librarya Deduction a/e Gift (books), A.F.J. back numbers^* „ Deduction a/c Profit on Sales'^ 3.50 a Transferred to A.F.S. Library Acct. (books). ** Transferred to Inventory A.F.J, c Transferred to Reserve Fund. Dishursements Science Press A.F.J. Vol. 32, No. 4 $173.06 A.F.J. Vol. 33, No. 1 148,85 A.F.J. Vol. 33, No. 2 146.40 ' A.F.J. Vol. 33, No. 3 123.95 Parke, Austin & Lipscomb, Inc. A.F.J. Vol. 33, No. 3 (Half-tone cut) Mimeographed Membership List (1942) Reprints _ _„ Trade Discount Agency Commission ...» Bank Charges - 15.27 Refund 5.23 Prepaid Mailing Charges -52 Expense Treasurer «.... « 4.77 2.00 36.95 4.70 8.71 __ 34.90 Secretary ... . 27.83 Editor 9.21 Librarian . 8.50 Curator 21.76 Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1944 $597.03 2.00 36.95 4.70 8.71 15.27 5.23 .52 34.90 27.83 9.21 8.50 21.76 Statement December 31, 1943 $956.89 32.87 18.50 $ 54.87 $902.02 $772.61 $129.41 Assets Cash on hand $129.41 In Spec. Acct. No. 1 510.15 Liabilities Capital Account ..$2,302.45 1944 Memb. Susp. Acct - 21.10 3G American Fern JouRNAii lu Spec, Acct. 1945 Memb. Susp. No. 2 „ 54.82 Acct 2.00 In Reserve Fund... 113.03 $ 807.41 1944 Subscribers Notes Receivable 1.00 Susp. Acct 42.68 Inventory A.F.J 2,006.79 Distrib. Vol. 33, A.F.S. Library (books) ... 218.00 No. 4 Susp. Acct 100.00 $3,033.20 Bissell Herb. Fund 510.15 Life Memb. Fund 54.82 $3,033.20 Resx^ectfnlly submitted, Henry K. SvensoN; Treasurer Report of the Judge of Elections TJie results of the recent balloting for officers of the American Fern Society for 1944 is as follows : For President C. A. Weatherby 82 Robert T. Clausen 1 Herbert Dole 1 T. M. McCoy 1 For Vice-President Joseph Ewan 82 W. Herbert Dole 1 Mrs. Frank C. Smith, Sr, 1 For Secretary Mrs. Elsie G. Whitney 82 E. P. Killip 1 For Treasurer Henry K. Svenson 83 W. S. Allen 1 I therefore declare the following candidates elected to the several offices: President, C. A. Weatherby; Vice- r President, Joseph Ewan ; Secretary, Mrs. Elsie G. Whit- ney ; Treasurer, Henry K. Svenson. Respectfully submitted, Robert A. Ware, Judge of Elections ERRATUM In the October-December, 1943, number of tlie Journal, p. 127, the following .should be substituted for line 18: state of California. This fact surely has significance THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Including Bulletin, Memoirs* and Toxreya, $5.00 m year PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. Month Ij, except Julj, August and September; eatab- llshed 1870. Trice $6.00 a year; single nuuibers 75 cents. Torreya. Bimontlilyj established 1901. Price $1.00 a year. Mannscripta intended for publication in the BuUetin or Torreya should be addressed to Hauold W. Rickett, Editor, The New York liotanical Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P. O,), New York City. Memoirs, Occasional, established 1889. Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a volume. Preb'minary Catalogue of Anthophj-ta and Pteridophyta within 100 miles of New York dty, 1888. Price $L00. Snbacriptlona and other bnainesi com mnnications ahoaid b« ad- dresjjed to the Treasurer, Harold N. Moldenke, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park (ForUhain Branch T'.O.), New York Qty. CASTANEA Published by the SOUTHEBN AFFAI^OHZAN SOTANIOAI. CLUB Bevoted to the botany of the interesting Southern Appalachians. Published monthly e/xcegt du2lng Junob Joly, Angnat, and September. Yearly subscription, including membership in the Club, f2.00> Addran DR. EARL L. CORE, Editor West Virginia ITniTsrsity MOSaANTOWlf » W. VA. >:;OT*^rasr- THE AMERICAN BOTAiNi»i ^ Foremost publication of popular botany in America, now in Jts 50th Tolume. It covers the entire field of botany and keeps Its readers infornied on all new deyelopments In the world of plants. The earlier rolumes are practically out of print, but |ew complete nles from VoL 28 to the present are aTallable at *3a a set. Yarions single volumes may also be had. Ask for prices. 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Culinary herbs: their culture, traditions, and tise* Part II, Cooking with herbs. By Elizabeth Benoisen Van Brunt and Virginia Biddle Svenson. 42 pages, 2 illustrations 30 cents postpaid. ECOLOGY Botanical Editor: Chaeles E. 0U£ST3£D Zoological Editor: Thomas Pars: Established 1920. Quarterly. Subscription, $5 a year for com- plete volumes (Jan. to Oct.). Back volumes, as available, $6 eadi« Single numbers, $1.50. Foreign postage : 40 c^its. I « Managing Editor : M. M. BHOyuxES Established 1916. Bi-monthly. Subscription, $6 a year for complete volumes (Jan, to Dec). Single numbers, $1.25 post free. Back volumes, as available, $7.00 each. Foreign postage : 60 cents. Department F, Brookl3na Botanic Garden 1000 WaBhington Ave., Brooklyti, N. Y^ U. S. A- /fl ^ amoosc o o "13 Equipment an erodnuifi supplies Ftm Trow«ls ♦ Fltld Picki Hand Ltiucs # Pl«nt Pmu^i G>l[ectliig Cases ^ Drlcii CtiiMS Covtfs ♦ Mouiitbg Papers and Sundrltt ^ # Wfit9, To-t^jr, for Your Copy of FREE CATALOG F'91 f 1^ CAMBOSCO SCIENTIFIC CO., Vol. 34 April-June, 1944 No. 2 Am^rurau ^nn Mauxml A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS P«bU«bca hy tVc AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY j^ EDITORS WILLIAM R, MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C. V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS h' CONTBMTS Collecting Ferns In Northwestern Mexico I&& L. WZOGJNS The Name of the Deer-fern .-. William IL MAxxm Distribution of Equisetum in New Jersey *>tatus of Botrychium dissectum var. oneidense BOBEST T. ChAVSSH Shorter Notes: X Asplenium Gravesli in Vii^rinia; Br^ I- iey's Spleenwort in Ohio ..««...-.. ^ Recent Fern T }ff»i-5itiiY^ American Fern Societv M Ni fc - -- . II — - - . Ill _. 11-^ I I - ■ _ _ _IIBI TT-^ I 37 50 51 55 61 6S ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION. $105: FORHGN. |:J5 N ST. AND McGOVERNAVE, LANCASTER, PA. ,Q*# d°^^ Entered as second-cl under the Act of Mar race or posta^ pn is^ -V i*i Acceptance- Beetion tHMl^"^4l^ d 1 i J ■J It. of H^l a "I H-^rH ^-1 , ~-C ~ -U iJ L. 24 i9*^ / I t Am^riratt tvtx Connril for 1 944 BtXt OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR C. A. Weathekbt, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts President Joseph Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Vice-President Mrs. Elsie Gibson Whitney, 274 South Main Ave., Albany, N. Y. Secretary Heney K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y. Treasurer William B. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C- Mditor4n-Chief OFFICIAL ORGAN Ami ^r I ran ffern ifournal EDITORS William E. Maxon Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C B. C. Benedict ..., 1819 Dorchester Eoad, Brooklyn 26, N. Y. C. V. Morton Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C, Iba L, Wiggins. Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Calif. An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. Subscription, $1.25 per year, foreign, 10 cents extra; sent free to members of the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY (annual dues, $1.50; life membership, $25.00). Extracted reprints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished authors at cost. They should be ordered when proof is returned. Volume I, six numbers, $2.00; other volumes $1.25 each. Single back numbers 35 eents each. Vol. I, No. 1; voL III, nos. 2, 3 and 4; and vol. IV, no. 1, cannot be supplied except with complete Yolumes, Ten per cent discount to members and institutions on orders of six volume or more. Matter for publication should be addressed to William B. Maxon, Smithsonian Institntion, Washington 25, D, C. Orders for back numbers and other business communicatious should be addressed to the Treasurer of the Society. LIBRARIAN Miss Hestee M. Rusk, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y. CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM 3 Hestee N, Y. Brooklyn A regular loan department is maintained in connoction with the Society herbarium- Members may borrow specimens from ^^ ?" any time, the borrower paying all postal or express charges. ^^^ , :.3 of the Journal are also open to members who wish to^ bxt^S^ :hsmges; a membership list is published to further assist those inter^ted in obtaining specimens from different tocalities. IK, & r Attt^rtran iF^rtt Journal Vol. 34 Aprii^June, 1944 No. 2 Collecting Ferns in Northwestern Mexico Ira L. Wiggins In September, 1929, I began a series of botanical field trips into northwestern Mexico and tlie deserts of south- eastern California and adjacent Arizona. Since that tune over a dozen trips have been made to various parts of the area, ranging* from the Bill Williams Fork of the Colorado River in Arizona to Cajeme (or Ciudad de Obregon), Cedros, and Quiriego in southern Sonora, and from the northern edge of the Colorado Desert in south- ern California to San Jose del Cabo and Cabo San Lucas at the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico. Most of the traveling was done in automobiles, with occasional side trips by saddle and pack animals. Many miles were covered on foot, for often it was necessary to scramble over rocky hillsides or up boulder-strewn canyons to reach plants growing only where the cliffs and rocks protected them from grazing cattle. Different trips took nie, together with various assistants and companions, into the field during every month in the year except November and December, so the seasonal fluctuations in the vegetation were well covered. On all occasions the objective of the field trips was the accumulation of infor- mation about the general vegetation of the area j the col- lection of ferns was, at the beginning, purely incidental Possiblv because one rarelv thinks of ferns in connec- [Volume 34:, No. 1, of the Journal, pages 1-36, was issued March 22, 1944.] 37 38 American Fern Journal tion with the vegetation of the desert, these trips brought surprises in the form of numerous species of ferns and fern allies growing in canyons and ravines, on rocky hill- sides and, less commonly, on the flats of the desert. After the first two or three times that ferns had been found unexpectedly in niches in canyon walls, they became something of a special objective. Thereafter, although they occasionally surprised one with their abundance or luxuriance, they no longer were *^ unex- pected/^ for, paradoxically, one came to expect them in unexpected habitats. But it was almost startling to find luxuriant patches of Marsilea Foitrnieri growing in a slight swale about 20 miles south of Pozo Aleman, Baja California, in the spring of 1931. The small fronds occupied hoof prints less than a yard from the base of one of the giant cacti, Pachycereiis Pringlei! Sporocarps were abundant, and evidently the colony was an old one. The same species Avas found along the margins of dry watercourses at two localities in Sonora — once between Libertad and Carbo, in the fall of 1932, and the second time between Hermosill At both localities the plants grew on nearly vertical banks in sandy clay soil, but were absent from the sandy beds and nearly level banks a few feet from the immediate course of the stream. The dense mats of the inter- tangled roots and stolons possess a reniai^kable resistance to the erosive power of the sand-laden floods that sweep down the canyons and spread out on the desert flats. Sporocarps were numerous at all three stations. Eqin'sctum, on the other hand, is rarely found on the desert, even where water is present the year around in tinajas or ''tanks" in the rocky canyons. The only species representing this genus is E. Funstoniiy and it rarely gets into the truly desert ranges, but rather clings to the margins of the deserts and is much more abundant Collecting iisr Nortpiavestern Mexico 39 i ill the chaparral and yellow pine belt;s than it i^ in or near the desert proper. A rare fern apparently nowhere common, but h>ng' known from isolated localities in western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Chihnahua, is Phanero- phlehia auricuJata. What seems to be the first record from Sonora w^as established when a party of four, con- sisting of Dr. Forrest Shreve, Dr. T. D. IMallery, Mr. Jack Whitehead, and the writer, found it in the Sierra Babiso, between Magdalena and Cucurpe in the summer of 1934.^ We were attracted to the box canyon in which it grew by a fine stand of a native palm and had not anticipated the presence of ferns when we climbed the rocky ean3^on to investigate the palm, Sahal uresana. But well back under an overhanjrinjr rock at the foot of the north-facing cliff where the direct rays of the sun rarely, if ever, penetrated, we found a small colonj- of this striking fern and several plants of the delicate little Aspleninm PalmerL This fern association gave us two rare finds, and when added to the presence of the grace- ful palms made the locality one to be remembered. The leathery pinnae of the Phancrophlebia bore few spo- rangia — in fact, most of them were completely sterile. Since there were restrictions governing the importation of living specimens, we did not attempt to bring back rhizomes to grow. Herbarium specimens were obtained^ however, and duplicates have been deposited in several herba ft between this Sonoran station and those in Arizona would reveal the presence of Phanerophlebia at intermediate- localities. One of the richest fern collecting areas in the Sonoram Desert resrion. La Mina Verde, was mentioned b3' White- ria. mountains ^ Wliitehead, Jack. Some Arizona Ferns Collected in Sonera^ ilexico. Amer. Fern Journ. 27: 43-51. 1937. > American" Ferx Jovexal Volume 34, Plate 3 * Unxamed Box Canyox in Sierra Babiso, Sonora. Phaxero- PHLEBIA ATTRICULATA AND ASPLENIUM PaLMERI GREW AT BASE OF THIS Cliff. Collecting in Northwestern ^Mexico 41 head (I.e.), but the remarkable assemblage of ferns there deserves further notice. On the north-facing side of the ■ canyon, opposite the abandoned mine buildings, was an area less than 100 yards long and half as wide upon which 14 species of pteridophvtes were growing. Pel- laea ternifolia and P. Seemannii grew in deep leaf mold among jagged rocks and boulders. The same type of habitat was shared by Gymnopteris hispida^ Anemia thriscifolia, Woodsia Grayi, and Chcilanthes Kaulfussii. All the latter species were more plentiful than the first-named pair. I believe that this is an extension of the known rantre of Anemia anthriscifolia Son ora. A crumbling rock wall, w^hich had been built without niortar or cementing material, supported NotJiolaena aurea, N. sinuata, and Cheilanthes Lindheimeri. As- plenmm Palmeri occupied a few sheltered niches beneath the overhang of huge boulders and was the most delicate of the ferns found on the mountainside. Cheilanthes Wrightii and Selaginella rupincola clung to crevices in the rugged outcroppings of basalt. Cheilanthes Pringleij although not growing among the other ferns at La Mina Verde, was found a few hundred yards down the canyon toward Cumpas. Although deli- cate in appearance, it is a hardy endemic of the Sonoran Desert region. We found it growing in tiny green tufts from crevices in the basaltic cliffs near Los Angeles de Fabrica (a village between Carbo and Ures) in the sum- mer of 1934; in similar situations in the canyon of the Rio Mag MfexiCALI PHOENIX GILA BEND -^, * t •» ensenaDa A JO sonoytA*--^. \ ivtuCSON ^ ROSARlpl'-- j iABE'^'^-/ I SASAB •::.. -vNOGALES CABORCA, MARMOU ••.-■^^AGDAL^A '■••ivilNA").yERf't- mocVezuma •■' •* ( • J LIBERTAD • CARBO CE0RO5 IS. .PUNTA PRIETA HERMOSILLOT ■• " BARRIL BAHIA KING GUAYMA5 CALM ALU I STA. ROSVliA « 5AN IGNACIO ,- MULEGEi ftCAJEME. /•quiriego .COMOND MAP OF THE SONORAN DESERT (00 MILES 200 * *' PAZ TODOS SANTOS CASO \!5^^?u^B0 SAN LUCAS ^^^ "^^ I no M^^ Collecting in Northwestern Mexico 49 genera, the number of species included in each indicated by the figures in parenthesis: Woochia (2), PJtanero- phlebia (1), Aspleninm (2), Pityrogramma (1), Gym- nopteris (1), Adiantum (3), CheilanfJies (17), Pellaea (6), and Notholaena (12). Four different species of Selaginella have been found in the Sonoran Desert, S. rupincola and 8. arizonica in Arizona and Sonora, and 8. Bigelovii and ^S'. er^mophila in southern California and Baja California. Does the assemblage look temi^ting? Stanford University. Gazetteer of Mountain Ranges Since the aecompanjdng map does not show the location of the mountain ranges, the following brief gazeteer will help to locate them approximately. This list includes only a small fraction of the total number of ranges and isolated peaks of the Sonoran Desert region. Ajo Mountains. Between Ajo and the International Boundary, Chocolate Mountains. About 40 miles northwest of Yuma; an- other range of same name, 50 miles northeast of Yuma. Growler Mountains. Along the border, 30 to 40 miles west of Ajo Mountains. Harcuvar Mountains. About lat. 34° N.^ long. 114° W. Mesa del Pinal. Escarpment along western edge of desert west and southwest of Mexieali. Sierra Alamos. Xear coast west of Caborca. Sierra Babiso. Between Magdalena and Cucurpe. Sierra Desenganos, About 25 miles east of Funta Prieta. Sierra de la Giganta. Main range near the Gulf of California^ from about the '^N" in Comondu south nearly to La Paz. Sierra Pinacate. About 30 miles southwest of Souoyta. Sierra Pinta. Next range north of the Sierra Pinacate, but in Arizona; second range of same name 15 to 20 miles west of the head of the Gulf of CaHfornia. Sierra Santa Maria. Parallel to Pacific Coast from about the ''S' in San Ignacio northwest to tip of peninsula^ terminating just below Cedros Island. Superstition Mountains. About 40 to 50 miles east of Phoenix. Tinajas Altas Mountains. About 40 miles east of Yuma. Tres Virgenes. Volcanic peaks 20 to 25 miles northwest of Santa EosaUa. Whipple Mountains. On California side, in sharp bend of Colo- rado Eiver about 80 miles north of Yuma. 59 American Fern Journal The Name of the Deer-fern William R. Maxon F ( The species iincler discussion is the Osmitnda Spicant of Linnaeus (1753), which was based on European mate- rial. In North America it is a common plant in mainly ^ coniferous forests of the Humid Transition Zone along the Pacific coast from Alaska to the Santa Cruz Moun- tains, California, and because of its furnishing food to ( elk and deer in winter is commonly called Deer-fern. During the last century American writers mostly called this fern Lomaria Spicant Desv., following the lead of * Hooker and Baker, who maintained Lomaria as generi- callv distinct from Blechnum. mainlv on the basis of its , strongly dimorphic fertile and sterile fronds. In 1900 Underwood, also recognizing both genera, took up the name StrutJuopteris Scopoli (1760) in place of the much r later Lomaria Willd. (1809), but wrongly attributed the combination Struthiopteris Spicant to Scopoli, whereas it had not been published until 1770 and then by Weis. Stindhiopteris has since been adopted by the writer and many other American fern students, and it is in fact the name that must be applied to the Lomaria element if two genera are recognized. But even in Great Britain, F despite the influence of Hooker and Baker's work, our plant appeared in many fern books as Blechmim Spicant ^ and most non-English writers — for example, Kuhn, Ettingshausen, Sturm, Luerssen, Makino, and Christ merged Lomaria in Blechmim^ as advocated by Mettenius in 1856.^ More recently, Diels, Hieronymus, Christen- sen, Rosenstock, and most other fern students have re- garded Blech7ium in this inclusive sense, and not without reason. This view will presumably find general accept- ance in the United States. 1 Fil. Hort. Bot. Lips. 60-65. 1856. Equisetum in New Jersey 51 been Withering 7 ? C< Blechnum Spicant either "(L.) J. E. Smith" or "(L.) "but both are wronjj. In his 1793 "Tenta- men/' Sir James Edward Smith indicated Osmunda Spicant as a third species of Blechnum but did not actu- ally make the transfer. He has, however, been errone- ously given as second author by the writer in Abrams' Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States/' by Broun in *' Index to North American Ferns/' and by other writers. The Withering reference given by Christensen in the Index Filicum (p. 159) is to the third edition of ''A Bo- tanical Arrangement of All the Vegetables Naturally Growing in Great Britain/' p. 765 (1796); but the transfer of Osmunda 8picant to Blechnum had been made two years earlier by Roth, as pointed out not long ago by Mansfeld,^ the correct citation being as follows: Blechnxim Spicani (L.) Roth in Usteri, Neue Annalen, Vol. 2, pt. 10, p. 46 (1794). The treatment of this species by Roth occupies nearly a page and includes diagnosis and detailed description, with comments. The Distribution of Equisetum in New Jersey William F, Rapp, Je. The New Jersey species of Equisetum have been treated in Norman Taylor's ''Flora of the Vicinity of New York Ferns of Xew York" (1935), but in neither is a true picture of their distribution given. Since the first volume was written much field work has been done, especially in the southern and northwestern parts of the state. The data on distribution in Small 's work tend to be general,, rather than specific. The present detailed study is based on the abundant material in the following herbaria : New York Botanical 2 Eepert. Sp. Nov. Fedde 45: 202. 1938. ( American Fern Journal Volume 34, Plate 5 la M GO P o M i 03 H f f r fe t Equisetum in New Jersey 53 Garden; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ; Brooklyn Botanical Garden ; Princeton University ; Chrysler Herbarium, Rutgers University ; American Fern Society; and the private herbaria of Dr. R. T. Clausen and Mr. J, L. Edwards. I am grateful to the curators for allowing me to study the specimens in their care- It is unnecessary to present a key to the species, since several good ones are readilv available. The nomencla- ture follows that of Broun 's ''Index to North American Ferns'^ (1938) ; synonyms are given only when neces- sary. The maps are reproduced by permission of the McKinley Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Equisetum ara^kse L. Sp. PL 1061. 1753. A map of the distribution of this species is not pre- sented. It is the commonest and most widely distributed species in New Jersey, having been found in every county of the state. However, it grows in the Pine Barrens only where it has been introduced or at localities which, although within that region, are not truly Pine Barren country. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Hannov. Mag. 22 : 138. 1784. This boreal species reaches its southernmost limit in New Jersey, where it is rare, only three localities being known, as follows.- Closter, Bergen Co., C. F. Austin. Palisades, Bergen Co., Apr. 30, 1865, C. F. Austin, Sparta, Sussex Co., 1868, C, F. Austin; July 19, 1937, J. i. Edwards; Aug. 7, 1938, Wlierry. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Sp. PI. 1061. 1753. This species is found in New Jersey only in the Appa- lachian Valley and Highlands, and on the Piedmont Plain, the greatest number of known stations being located in the Appalachian Valley. Plate 5.— Fig. 1, Equisetum pratense; fig. 2, E. litorale (circles) and E. palustre van americarium (crosses); ^g. 3, E. sylvaticum; %. 4, E, fluviaiile; fig. 5, E. prealium; fig. 6, E. prealtum-Yar, dffine. i 54 American Fern Journal Equisetum palustre var. americanum Victorin, Equis. ( du Quebec 51, 121. /. 7. 1927. There are only two New Jersey stations for tliis Ameri- can variety of the Eurasian E, palustre L., viz. : Sparta, \ Sussex Co., C. F. Austin; Closter, Bergen Co., C. F, Austin, Equisetum litorale Kiihl. ex Rupr. Beitr. Pfl. Russ. Reich. 4: 91. 1845. Schaffner claims that E. Utorale comprises various anomalous forms of E. palustre and E, arvense^ and per- • haps hybrids. Since this matter has not been definitely settled, it has been thoug*ht best to consider it as a distinct species. The specimens referred here are; Dingman's Ferry, Sussex Co., Aug. 19, 1893, Tan Sickle. Flatbrook- ville, Sussex Co., June 17, 1884, Briiton & Bushy. Belve- dere, AYarren Co., Aug. 2, 1885, Britton. Phillipsburg, Warren Co., July 23, 1886, T. C. Porter. Carhart, War- ren Co., Mackenzie 5164. Equisetum fluviatile L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753. Equisetum limosum L. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753, This species is chiefly found in the northern part of the state and along the Delaware River from Camden County north. Equisetum prealtum Raf. Fl. Ludov. 13. 1817. Equisetum hyemale auth., not L. At present this sj^ecies is known from widely scattered stations throughout the state, being commonest in the northern part. Future collections will probably show it to be more generally distributed. Equisetum prealtum var. affine (Engelm.) Broun, Index No. Amer. Ferns 93. 1938. Equisetum robust um var. affine Engelm, Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts 46: 88. 1844. Bull. 11:75, 111. 1903. ffi This variety seems to be mainly limited to the Dela- ware River Valley, but there are a few stations in other parts of the state. t 1 p- I t I 1 B r BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM VAR. OXEIDEXSE 55 On the status of Botrychium dissectum var oneidense Egbert T, Clausex The classification of the ternate Botiychia, despite my studies and those of other contemporaries, still stands far short of perfection. Even some of the most familiar spe- cies and their variations must be reconsidered in the light of new evidence and fresh points of view. The idea advanced in the present discussion is only an hypothesis at the present stage^ an idea to be critically considered and then either accepted or rejected on a basis of the evidence. Several careful field students have referred Gilbert's Botrychium ternatnm var. oneidense to Botrychium mul- tifidum rather than to JS. dissectum. Among these may be mentioned the late E. W. Graves (1935) and Prof. W. L. Dix, both enthusiastic students of Botrychium. The latter, in a recent letter (April 28, 1943) to me has re- marked that he has ''leaned to the interpretation of Graves in regard v. oneidense.'^ Others, including my- self, have leaned the other way and preferred to regard var. oneidense as a variation of B, dissectum. This dif- ference of taxonomic opinion is sincere and is supported in each instance by a degree of evidence. Those who favor the alignment of var. oneidense with B. multifidinn have in favor of that point of view the evergreen condi- tion of the sterile blade in oneidensey also the rounded condition of the penultimate segments. Those who favor the other relationship have as supporting evidence the thin texture of the blade, the elongate penultimate seg- ments, and the late fruiting time, all characteristics of -B. dissectum. Because the latter set of details seemed 56 American Fern Journal more important to me than the first set, I have tried to maintain var, oneidense under B, dissectum. All along I have become increasingly aware that something must be wrong with this idea, both from the reaction of other fern students and from further observation in the field. In central New York, var, oneidense is fairlv common. Around Utica it apparently fruits as freely as do any of the other varieties of B, dissechtm. In the section around Ithaca and in the southern tier of counties in New York this is definitely not the case, for the plants develop fertile panicles only rarely. On many a trip I have had to search long and patiently to find a fruiting plant of var. oneidense^ whereas fruiting plants of var. typiciim or var. ohliquiun could easily be obtained. Desiring to check the relative fertility of var. oneidense and var. oiliquum^ I have counted the fertile and sterile specimens in my personal collection, with the following results : Variety Total number Number of Percentage of of specimens specimens plants with (sterile or WITH FERTILE FERTILE PANI- FERTILE) PANICLES CLES oneidense 72 11 15% ohliquiim 148 80 54% Examination of the available fertile panicles of var. oneidense indicates the presence of some abortive spo- rangia, but in a number of specimens the panicles seem to have as good sporangia and to be as productive as any of var. ohliqimm. Most of my specimens are from the Finger Lakes region and from the southern tier of coun- ties in New York. A similar survey of specimens in the herbarium of Cor- nell University yields the following additional data : ( i BOTRTCHIUM DISSECTUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 57 Variety Total number Number of Percextage or OF SPECIMENS SPECIMENS PLANTS WITH (sterile or "WITH FERTILE FERTILE PAXI- FERTILe) PANICLES CLES oneideiise 72 48 G6% obliqmtm 217 193 88% The latter figures indicate a difference of fertility in the two varieties which is much less convincing than the fignres for my own smaller series, but they do suggest a trend. By themselves, these data perhaps are not sig- nificant, particularly since most collectors strive to collect plants with fertile structures. When viewed in the light of my own experience in the field, however, they seem to substantiate the statement which S. J. Smith and I (Clausen and Smith, 1939) published regarding the con- dition in south-central New York, namely that *'in the above area, this population j^roduees fertile segments less frequently than do any of the other varieties of B. To explain the decreased fertility of var. oneidense, also the intermediate character of this variety, which is seemingly midway between B. dissectum and B. midth fidum, I now suggest the hypothesis that var. oneidense may be an interspecific hybrid, only more or less fertile. Arguments for and against this idea may be cited imme- diately. Already some of the favorable evidence is before lis. The var. oneidense is phenotypically intermediate between the two suggested parent species; further, the plants exhibit decreased fertility. Another favorable argument derives from the geographical distribution of the so-called variety : It occurs chiefly in the northeastern states and southern Canada, in an area where the ranges of B, muUifidum and B. dissectum overlap and in which hybrids naturally would be expected. The general pat- f 58 AiMERicAN Fern Journal tern of distribution (see figs. 1 & 3 in my monograpli ' [1938] ), seems to favor tlie hybrid hypothesis. Wherever B, multifidum and B. dissectum occur together in eastern North America, var. oneidense is likely also to be present. On the other side of the argument, details of distribu- tion may also be mentioned, B, multifidum is at present ^ unknovni in eastern North America south of Pennsyl- vania. Yet there are records of var. oneidense from west- ern North Carolina and Virginia (Rockingham Co., G. B, Fessenden), also from sections of Ohio, Indiana, and other localities from which B. multifidum has never been recorded. Another weakness with the hvbrid idea is that the sporangia of the panicles of some individuals of var. oneidense seem to be as fertile and productive of spores as are those of either parent. Finally, there is the ob- vious objection that the hypothesis is simply a guess not supported by experimental evidence. The three negative arguments may be considered in order. First there is the occurrence of var. oneidense M b in sections where B. multifidum has not been found. This can be accounted for in three possible ways: (1) that J5. multifidum does occur in these localities, has been overlooked, and will eventually be discovered there as a ■ result of further search; (2) that B. multifidum formerly occurred there and no longer exists, but that an inter- mediate population has persisted which is in process of blending with the dominant B. dissectum; and finall}^ (3) that spores of hybrid plants have been blown from locali- ties where both species occur and on germination in the new locality have produced ganietophytes which, when self-fertilized, have developed F2 hybrids. This last possibility may help to explain the fact that var. oneidense seems most fertile in areas where both B. multi- fidum and B, dissectum are frequent, whereas fertility seems to decrease in sections where B. multifidimi is less BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 59 common or absent. In other words, perhaps tlie Fi is more fertile than the Fg. Another consideration concerns the possibility that some plants which have been identi- fied as var. oneidense really are hybrids or back-crosses, whereas others, particularly small plants, are simply juvenile forms of B, dissectum. The second argument suggested against the hybrid hypothesis refers to the occasional high fertility of plants of var. oneidense. This is significant, because it suggests that, since B. midtifidum and B. dissectum are interfertile in the region where their ranges overlap and there pro- duce intermediates, they are only subspecies of a poly- typic species. This is definitely a possibility; but if true, the hybrids, theoretically at least, should be almost as fertile or as fertile as plants of either kind, and the popu- lation in the region of intergradation should be inter- mediate in character. Data presented earlier in tliis discussion already indicate a marked tendency towards a lower fertility. With respect to the population of the northeastern United States being intermediate in char- acter, this is not the case. Most plants can definitely be assigned to either B, niultifidum or B, dissectum^ which may be found growing side by side but differing in the cutting of the sterile blade, time of fruiting, and the stoutness and texture of the whole plant. The factors • isolating these two major populations seem sufficiently strong for us to regard the plants as belonging to two separate species, even if they are just in process of reach- ing that stage from a previous condition as freely inter- grading subspecies. The third argument against the idea that var. oneidense is an interspecific hybrid can be met only by actual ex- perimental work in which the cross is produced under controlled conditions. Perhaps this will eventually be done. Meanwhile, the above information may afford basis for speculation and observational checking. i 60 American Fern Journal The subspecies involved in the suggested cross are the I ssp. silaifoliiim of B. miiltifidnm and the ssp. typiciim of B. dissectwn. The var. ohliquum of the latter is prob- ably the variation most often involved, but certain plants from Wayne and Lackawanna Counties, Pennsylvania, and from Chemung County, New York {W. C. Wilson ^ d' R, T, C. 2428) suggest that the dissected phase of ssp. typicuni may sometimes participate. The late Professor Chamberlain (1920) advanced the theory that ^^J?. dis- | sectiim'^ (var. typiciim) is a sterile mutant. The mutant idea coincides exactly with my notions about the plant, but I question the sterility feature, though realizing that f the fertility may vary in different parts of the range. In any case, this detail is probably not relevant to the status of var. oneidense. * The conclusion of the above discussion is that some evidence exists for regarding as an interspecific hybrid ^ the plant which I have called B. dissectum var. oneidense. I Fern students m localities where this plant occurs may aid the w^ork of determining its status by comparing con- ditions in their areas with the evidence presented here. Further data may support or detract from the value of the hj^brid hypothesis, which has as its chief merit the furnishing of an explanation for the intermediate char- acteristics and peculiar distribution of var. oneidense, Cornell University. Literature Cited Chamberlain, C. J. 1920. Grouping and mutation m Botrjchiuiu. Bot. Gaz. 70: 387-398. 11 figs. Clausen, E. T. 1938. A monograph of the Ophioglossaceae. Mem- Torrey Club 19^: 1-177. illus. Clausen, E. T., and S. J. Smith. 1939. On some pteridophytes of south-central New York. Amer. Fern Journ, 29: 45-58. pT.6. Graves, E. W. Describing Botrychiuma. Amer. Fern Journ. 25: 109-120. 8 figs. Shorter Notes 61 Shorter Notes X AsPLENiuM Gravesii IX Virginia.— Tlie discoverv of Graves' Spleenwort in Virginia lias been expected, since the two probable parent species (A, pinnatifidum and A. Bradleyi) have been found to occur sporadically in the state. On the 6th of May, 1939, during a foray in the neighborhood of Chatham, Pittsylvania Co., Va., the region around Moses Mill Pond, west of Chatham, was visited. A part of the foray group followed the writer along the south shore of the pond. Approximately half- way up this shore one finds large boulders. On these, two distinct types of Asplenium were found. One was identified as Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt., the second was not recognized. These were cared for and filed away ni the herbarium. Some months later the specimens were shown to Dr, E. T. AVherry, who identified the question- able one as Asplenium Gravesii Maxon and agreed that the other was Asplenium pinnatifidum. The area has been visited again to search for more specimens of Asplenium Gravesii and for A. Bradleyi D. C. Eaton, but as yet only two specimens of the former have been found and none of the latter. The two of Asplenium Gravesii w^ere found on the same boulder with Asplenium pinnatifidum and within two feet of it Brooks and Margolin^ report a similar situation in relation to the occurrence of Asplenium Gravesii in West Virginia: a w this hybrid fern ... is on a sandstone cliff in heavy deciduous woods , . . A. pinnatifidum is present, but persistent search has failed to reveal A. Bradleyi in the locality.'' The Virginia station for A. Gravesii is in Pittsylvania County, in the inner Piedmont, 2 mile;s west of Chatham along the southwest shore of Mo^es Mill Pond on Cherry- ^The Pteridophytes of West Virginia. West Va. Univ. BuU,, Series 39, Ko. 2, 35. 1938. 62 American Fern Journal stone Creek, 350 feet above sea level. The tAVO specimens collected are filed in the herbarium of the Virginia Poly- technic Institute, A. B. Massey 2922 and 4404 (V.P.I. sheets 9736 and 9737). The distribution of Asplenium Gravesii as given by Broun^ is **. . . on sandstone and mica-gneiss ledges, Appalachian and Piedmont regions, northwestern Geor- gia and adjacent Alabama to central West Virginia and southeastern Pennsylvania; rare." Thus the Virginia station is not an extension of the range but fills in a gap, — A. B. Massey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute^ Blackshurg^ Virginia. Bradley's Spleenwort in Ohio. — About 70 years ago Professor F. H. Bradlev discovered a small new ever- green fern gro\ying in the crevices of sandstone cliffs in eastern Tennessee, and in his honor it was named Asplenium Bradleyi by D. C. Eaton. Some two years ago Clyde Jones, of the Ohio State UniA'ersity, found this species on a cliff called Jacob's Ladder, in Fairfield County, near Lancaster, Ohio. The urge to find another locality for this fern in Ohio prompted Leslie L. Pontius and myself to explore a region of Sharon conglomerate and sandstone cliffs in Clyce Hollow^, Jackson Township, Pike County — one of my favorite hunting grounds for ferns. Diligently for hours we scaled cliffs and searched the crevices, finding here and there Asplenium platy- neiiroUj A. pinjiatifidnm, A, montamtm, and A. TricJio- manes. It was getting late and we were almost ready to quit our search, when, lo and behold ! in a crevice on the south face of a cliff w^e found the object of our quest, Asplenium Bradleyi, The day ended, and two very happy men returned to their homes. The treasure ivas found. — Floyd Bartley, Circlevilley Ohio. 2 Index to North American Ferns, 20, 1938. Recent Fern Literature 63 Recent Fern Literature Gualterio Looser, continuing his scholarly and accurate j -work with Chilean ferns, has published three articles in ; . Volume 28 of the Revista Universitaria of the Universi- • dad Catolica de Chile (1943). The first (pp. 31-34)^ records a new station in the Province of Antofagasta in northern Chile for the very rare and geographically curious species Polypodium masafuerae Philippi. It is now known from Juan Fernandez^ five or six localities in northern Chile, and Mollendo, Peru. Sr. Looser adds a critical discussion of the nomenclature of the species. The second article (pp. 123-134)^ is a supplement to a previous publication on the type localities of Chilean species of ferns and is the result of a visit to botanical uistitutions m Argentina and Uruguay. The type collec- tions of some forty species are listed with nomenclatural and other notes. The third article (pp. 169-180)^ gives a very readable account of a collecting trip to the volcano Osorno in southern Chile, which covered many altitudes from the bare slopes just below the snow-cap of the summit to the rain-forest at the base. The narrative is interspersed Avith critical and descriptive comment on the ferns seen and is supplemented hy an annotated list of the 22 species collected and a new key to the Chilean species of Dicra- nopteris. Sr. Looser has also published a brief account^ of the work of the late Dr. Christensen.— C, A. W. Although it is not customary to review in the Journal books relating to subjects other than ferns, an exception 1 Xueva localidud cerca de Antofagasta del lielecho Poljpodium masafuerae Philippi. - Los locaUdades de los tipos de los Iielechos chilenos. Primcra adicion. 3 Coleccionando Lelechos en el Tolcan Osorno (siir de Chile). * Eevista Argentina de Agronomia 10: 279-280. 1943. 64 American Fern Journal may Avell be made in tlie present instance. ^^ Shrubs of Michigan*'^ is an attractive and tlioronghly meritorious publication. In addition to being of high scientific worth, the book is so planned as to help and encourage the amateur in the study of shnibs, and to provide him with an understanding of methods of collection and identification. Clear line-drawings illustrate each spe- cies and a map shows its distribution in Michigan. Of the blackberries and hawthorns our knowledge of species is meager, and the author has made it clear that in this, as in many other groups, problems to be investigated by the amateur are at hand. Most of these shrub species extend across the northeastern part of the country. Besides providing a ready means of identifying shrubs, the text sets a good standard for our contributors on the subject of ferns. — H. K. S.. Mr. J. P. Anderson has published^ recently Part I of a ** Flora of Alaska and Adjacent Parts of Canada,'' which includes the pteridophytes and conifers. The author lived for many years in Alaska and collected extensively in almost all parts of the region. His treat- mentj which has keys to the families, genera, and species, as well as brief descriptions, will naturally be compared with Hulten's recent account^ covering the same terri- tory. Fifty-four species of Pteridophyta are recognized, as compared with 53 by Hulten, the extra one being Eqid- setiim alasJramim (A. A. Eaton) Anderson, w^hich is based on the plant treated by Hulten as Equisctitm variegainm subsp. alaskanum. Line drawings are given for 47 species, but these show such small portions of the fronds that their usefulness is somewhat impaired. Nevertheless, they will be helpful to many amateurs. ■I — - — s 1 Shrubs of Micliigan. By Cecil Bmiugton. Cranbrook Insti- tute of Science. BuUetin No. 20. 249 pp., 161 figs, and maps. Bloomfield HUls. 1943. $2.50 postpaid. sEeprinted from Iowa State Coll. Journ. Sci. 18: 137-175. 1943. 3 Reviewed This Journal 32: 74. 1942. I t^ -t i Recent Fern Literature 65 Anderson ^s account does not take into consideration any of the fern studies of the last few years. For exam- . pie, Clausen's work on the Ophioglossaeeae is ignored; I mnltifidum subsp. silaif 'foil according to Clausen, this subspecies (or species) does not occur north of Britisli Columbia, the Alaskan plants being referable to B. mitltifidum subsp. rohustum (Rupr.) Clausen. The Alaskan Bz^acken is called Ptendium aqui- Inuim var. lanuginosum Bong, [an error for (Bong.) 'Fernald], but Tryon has pointed out that this varietal epithet is not available, the proper name for the Alaskan plant being var. puhescens Underw. The reviewer shoAved several vears ago that the Oak-fern must bear the name Drijopteris disjuncta (Rupr.) Morton, rather than B. Linnaeana C. Chr._, as given by Anderson. There are other nomenclatural errors, such as the authorities for the r following entities: Bhchnum should be L., not (L.) AVith. ; Ptendium should be Gled. ex Scop., not Scop. ; Botrychium horeale should be Milde, not (Sw.) Milde; Atliyrium Filix-femina var, eyclosorum should be (Rupr.) Ledeb., not (Rupr.) C. Chr.; and Struthiopferis (in the sense of Pteretis) should not be Scop., for Seopoli^s genus StnitJn'opteris is a synonym of Blechnum (sens. lat.). iNIr. Anderson has attempted to simplify the keys so that they may be used successfully by untrained persons, but in some cases thev are so short as to be scarcely usable; for example^ Segments reniform or fan-shaped Botrychium Uaiaria. Segments rounded Botrychium horeale. Segments acute Botrychium lanceolatnm. Here the '* segments'' mentioned are not comparable. Those of B, Lunarm are whole pinnae, whereas those of the other two are the ultimate lobes of pinnae. Or again : 66 American Fern Journal Blades 1-2-pinnate. Blades small, thick Dryopieris fragrans> Blades large, tliiii Dryopieris oreopteris. Blades 2-3-piimate Dryopieris austriaca [D. dilatata]. These three species are so dissimilar that a far more definite yet simple key could readily have been con- structed. The errors above mentioned are chiefly of importance to fern specialists and will not detract much from the usefulness of tlie work to amateurs and botanists in general. In fact, Mr. Anderson's paper will be much more usable for them than Hulten's, which contains no descriptions or illustrations. For the professional tax- onomist, however, Hulten^s scholarly work will be indis- pensable for its definite information as to ranges, com- plete citation of synonymy, citation of specimens, and 4 valuable discussions of variation.^C. V. M. American Fern Society I Report of the Auditing Committee The undersigned have checked all the receipts and expenditures of the American Fern Society for 1943 and find the Treasurer's statement co)'rect, t We call to the notice of the Society that our recommen- dation of a year ago that the valuation of the Library be reduced by 20 per cent has been entered in this rej)ort. We recommend that the item Inventory A.F.J, (back numbers) listed in the Assets column in the sum of $2,006.79 be reappraised and entered with an Inventory value of $500.00, and that the Liability Capital Account be reduced accordingly in next year's report. AVe wish to express our high appreciation to Dr. Sven- m 1 American Fern Society 67 son and his staff, Avho have given careful attention to the work of the Treasurer's office. AYalter S, Allen Frederick L. Fagley 4 Auditing Committee Calvin L. Gruber We regret to have to record the passing away of one of our few Life Members, C. L. Gruber. He was born in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1864, and for some -15 years was a teacher in the State Teachers* College at Kutztown. At an early age he took up plant collecting as a hobby, at first specializing on certain grouj^s of flowering plants, and discovering several new liaAvthorns. Becoming interested also in ferns, he joined our Society in 1907, and contributed to the Journal several notes on the species of his region, including the description of some new forms, the type specimens of which were placed in the Societj^'s herbarium. Shortly before his death, which occurred July 21, 1943, he presented his collection of Berks Couiity fei'us to the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia. Mr. Gruber was a rather small man, who spoke with a strong Pennsylvania German accent. Active, energetic, and keen-eyed to an advanced age, he was a delightful field companion, and nothing made him happier than to be able to guide members of the Fern Society to the locali- ties of his unusual finds. The writer will always remem- ber his keen enjoyment of a visit we made to '' Cystopteris Bluff'' opposite Moselem, where we found what seemed to be four different v / HERRY In order that the Society may comply with new postal regulations, it is requested that members send their 68 American Fern Journal addresses, corrected to include zone number, to the Secretary, Xeiv Members Miss Bertha Earle BUI, 12 Boyiiton St., Worcester 2, Massacliusetts. Mr. Fred J. Borsch, Maplewood, Oregon. Mrs. Z. W. Craine, 155 Xorth Broad St., Norwich, New York. Mr. John W. K. Glynn, 56 Northfield Bead, New Rochelle, N. Y. Mr. W. A. Grace, 92 Anzae Parade, Wanganui, New Zealand. Mr. Henry G. Leach, 170 East 64th St., New York 21, N. Y. ]Mrs. Anna E. MacLoghlin, 416 Mountain View Apts., James St., South Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Mr. Scott McCoy, 6349 North Spring Mill Road, Indianapolis 5, Indiana. Mr. George G. McKinley, 104 Northwestern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky. """rs. R. M. Rembert, Eoeklodge, Florida. Mr. H. B. Bust, 200 Liberty Life Bldg., Birmingham 3, Alabama. Mr. Henry Schrameyer, 1752 Nicholson Place, St. Louis 18, Mis- souri. Mr, Robert W. Storer, Mus. Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Calif. Mr. Bernard Strickler, 5303 South Kimbark Ave., Chicago 15, Illinois. Sister M. Teresita, Holy Family Convent, E. D. 1, Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Mr. J. Dale Whiting, New Bedford, Pennsylvania. Changes of Address Mrs. Kathleen S. Boyd, 1353 Mathews St., Lakewood, Ohio. Mrs. W. D. Diddell, R. D. 9, Box 296 A, Jacksonville, Florida. Mrs. Herbert Lawrence, 1065 Bergen St., Brooklyn, New York. ]Mrs. Arthur Lulir, 2457 Parker Place, Honolulu, T. H. Mr. William F. Eapp, 122 State St., Glassboro, New Jersey. Mr. G. W. 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ECOLOGY Botanical Editor: Charles E, OLiiSTBa) Zoological Editor: Thomas Park Established 1920. Quarterly. Subscription, $5 a year for com- plete volumes (Jan. to Oct.). Back volumes, aa available, $6 each. Single numbers, $1.50. Foreign postage: 40 cents. GENETICS Managing Editor: M. M. Bhoaoss Eatabliahed 1916. Bi-monthly. Subscription, $5 a jeax for complete volumes (Jan. to Dec). Single numbers, $1.25 post ttee. Back volumea, as available, #7.00 each. Foreign postage: 60 cents. Department F, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S. A. amboscO Collecting Equipinent and eroanum u ppli es Fe m Tfowelt ♦ Field Picks Hand Lensei 4 Plant Presses CoUccHns Cases # Driers Genus Covers # Mounting Papers and Sundries ^ # Write, To- day, tor Yoar Cttpy of FREE CATAl^Oa F-91 CAMBOSCO SCIENTIFIC CO., m 4 ^ *»^ Vol. 34 July-September, 1944 No. 3 Am^matt 3F^rtt Jflurnal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Piililiik«4 \y dM AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY j^ EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON tL C. BENEDICT C V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS J0 CONTBNTS The New World Species of AzoHa H. K. Svenson 69 Mass Collections: Equisetum sylvaticum Cystoptetia Bluff. NoEiTAjsr 0, Fassktt 85 Edgab T. Whebby 92 Shorter Notes: Osmunda cianamomea f. corn folia; Two Ferns New to Trinidad. ^ ^ - -' ^ iae- Recent Fera Literature American Fern Society - ^*^* 94 96 98 ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION. IIJ5; FOREIGN, ft ^ N. QUEEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE., LANCASTER, PA BROOKLYN, NEW YORK Entered as second-class matter at ti^ ptmt c'^: ^er tlse Act of March 3, lam. Ici^ptanee f-~ rate of iHistage provided Mk ^ amsx&n 1103. Act authorized on Jmlv R iQift^w '-atUsg at special of Octobwr^ ISIT* ■Haf OCT t % 1 i fell ~ !■ 4^ ^^ -^ '^^ ®lj? Am^riran Mtxn Btitnt^ O^otmrtt for 1 944 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR C. A. Weatheeby, Gray Herbarium^ Cambridge 38, Massachusetts President Joseph Ewan, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Vice-President Mes* Elsie Gibson Whitnet, 274 South Main Ave., Albany, N. Y. 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Ten per ceart discount to members and institutions on ordars of six volumes or more. Matter for publication should be addressed to William R. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C. Orders for back numbers and other business communications should be addn^s^ to the Treasurer of the Society. LIBRARIAN MxBB Hes. N. Y. M. B08K, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25^ CURATOR OF THE HEHBARiUM Miss Hestee M. ErsK, Brooklyn Botanie Garden, Brooklyn 2S, N. Y. A regular loan department is maiutained in eoiiueetion with the Soei€^ herbarium. Members may barrow specimeng from ^\ f-^ any time, the borrower paying all postal or expr^a charges. 11^^ pages of the Journal are also open to members who wish to arruuge exchanges ; ^ membership list h published to fuill-r assist those interested in obtaining sr^iimens from di^ei^nt loealities. ^is:^ Ammran ^tvn Jnurnal Vol. 34 July-September, 1944 No. 3 The New World Species of Azolla H. K. SVENSON 1 The water-ferns, represented by Salvinia and Azolla^ are among tlie most curious of plants, and would not ordinarily be taken to be related to the ferns. Salvinia plants consist of a shoot up to one or two inches long, with clusters of round floating leaves rarelv as much as a centimeter in diameter. Azolla likewise is a floating plant, chiefly of the tropics; the entire surface of quiet ponds may be so covered by the tiny branching fronds as to exclude mosquitoes from the surface, and for this reason the plant is sometimes known as ^^mosquito-fern" (ef. Benedict, Amer. Fern Jourx. 13: 48. 1923). These little floating plants send rootlets down into the water much in the manner of the duckweed (Lemna) ; their small size, branching habit, and the almost crystalline appearance of the tiny individual leaves may be judged from the accompanying drawings of living, non-fruiting plants from the greenhouses and out-door pools of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden (PL 6, jig. i). The succulent leaves, in the center of which blue-green algae always live, gleam under the lens like leaves of Mesemhrian- themiim. In full sunlijxht the fronds often become red- dish, but those in shaded localities remain bright green. The branches of Azolla show a dorsiventral structure suggesting that of SelagineUa. The leaves are two-lobed, the lower lobe being usually larger than the upper, mostly 1 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions, No. 100. [Volume 34, No. 2, of the JournaI/, pages 37-68, was issued June 19, 1944.] 69 70 American Ferx Journal witliout chlorophyll and only one cell thick. These lower lobes are so adapted for floating the plant that water comes in contact only with their lower surface. The upper lobes do not reach the water at all. During the growing stage they are flattened in the same plane as the lower lobes, and it is only in age that they become some- what erect. As earlv as 1725, Feuillee had made crude illustrations of plants from the Peruvian region. Commerson, during his romantic voyage around the Avorld with Bougainville (1767-1769), collected somewhere in the Magellan area the specimens upon which Lamarck in 1785 founded the genus Azolla, based on the single species A, filicnloides. No other species were known until 1810, when Willdenow^ described A, caroliiiiana, based on material derived from Eichard in Paris, and therefore probabl}^ collected by Michaux in the southeastern United States. As yet, dif- ferentiation of species was based only on vegetative aspect, A. caroliniana being noted as having spreading leaves in distinction to the imbricate appressed leaves of A. fiiliculoides. In the same year that A, caroliniana was described, Robert Brown (Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 167. 1810) placed the genus upon a scientific basis; both his genius and that of his artist, Ferdinand Bauer, contrib- uted to the essential understanding of the reproductive bodies, as illustrated in Plate 10, accompanying the Botany of Captain Flinders' voyage (1814). Martins in 1834 beautifully illustrated A, microphylla Kaulf. (Icon. PL Crypt. Bras. pi. 74, 75), of which the figures are perhaps based on Brazilian plants, and Meyen followed shortly in 1836 (Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Azollen) F wnth a fine series of drawings of A. fiUculoides. It was not until 1847 that Mettenius^, characterized by Christen- sen (in Verdoorn, Manual Pterid. 523. 1938) as the keen- est fern student of the nineteenth century, published a 2 In Linnaea »): 259-282. pL ^, S, 1847. r'd New World Species of Azolla 71 monogTaph of the genus in which the species were care- fully delimited. Unfortunately he did not describe and figure them from type material. Thus a change in the application of the names A. microphylla and .4. mexicana may be necessary when the types can be studied, but I have found it expedient to follow his usage except in the interpretation of A. caroUniana. Since the time of Mettenius the systematic treatment of Azolla has grad- ually deteriorated; the elaborate work on the genus by Strasburger (1873) stressed details of cell structure and life history, but contributed nothing to taxonomy. The treatment by Baker (Journ. Bot. 24: 99-101. 1886) is decidedly inferior. Most collections of Azolla will be found to be non- fruiting, but careful search under a low-power binocular microscope will frequently di^^close megaspores not ap- parent in the first casual observation. The sori, when present, will be found in pairs in the leaf axils of older portions of the frond. Each sorus is completely sur- rounded by an indusium. In some species the inflated globose indusia of the microsporocarj^s exceed 1 mm. in diameter and can be seen with the naked eye; but the acorn-shaped indusium of the megasporocarp is much smaller and is completely filled by the rigid single mega- spore and its appendages. Usually there will be a pair of microsporocarps, or of megasporocarps ; occasionally the pair will consist of one of each, and this is the con- dition most frequently illustrated. Depending some- what upon the species, the stalked microsporangia (borne within the indusium like a bunch of toy balloons) vary from seven or eight to nearly a hundred. Each micro- sporangium contains 32 or 64 imbedded microspores ag- gregated into four to ten spore-masses (massulae). The massulae are somewhat flattened (when four, they fit to- gether in tetrads, like fern spores in general), and when 72 American Fern Journal they are liberated from the microsporangium they dis- play, in the New World species, the peculiar barb-tipped hairs (glochidia) which probably serve to anchor the floating massulae to the megaspores, and which are so necessary for the determination of the species. A com- pound microscope is necessary for examination of the glochidia. In the megasporocarp only a single mega- spore develops. Wanda Pfeiffer has shown (Bot. Gaz. 44: 449. 1907) that initial microsporangia develop on the stalked base of the megasporanginm, and that *4f the megasporangium develops, there will be a megasporo- carp; while if the microsporangia develop, there will be a microsporocarp." The lower bell-shaped portion of the niegaspore is important from a taxonomic point of view, since it m^y be smooth, reticulate, or pitted. The upper portion or lid of the sporocarp comes off at ma- turity in a parachute-like manner, liberating the mega- spore and disclosing the three-lobed ** swimming appa- I ratus'^ derived from non-functional megaspore material, formerly thought to give buoyancy to the megaspore. Development of gametes takes about a week. The micro- spores remain imbeddeci in the massulae during develop- ment; they produce anthericlia, and from them anthero- zoids escape through the gelatinous substance of the massulae. The nucleus of the mature megaspore divides repeatedly to form a small embedded prothallus in which one or more archegonia are produced, each with an egg cell. The zygote develops after fertilization, and by con- tinuous division produces the pinnately-branched float- ing sporophyte with which we started. Further details of the life-history are given by G. ^L Smith (Crypt. Bot. 2: 353-362. 1938). This study was brought about by an attempt to identify material which I collected in abundantly fruiting stage in the Galapagos Islands in 1930. The specimens in the herbaria of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and American t New World Species of Azolla 73 Fern Society were greatly augmented by the specimens in the United States Xational Herbarium, which Dr. Maxon kindly sent me, and selected specimens from the Gray Herbarium. The work was difficult, since it in- volved examination of glochidia and megaspores over the entire range of specimens, before the more abundant sterile material could be allocated to the individual species. Many collections of AzoUa are so meager that identification is practically hopeless. When a series of fruiting plants has been recognized, the elongate-f rondose character and curled leaves of well-developed A. filicu- loides can be perceived at a glance. The dichotomous branches of A. caroliniana with ijheir unusually small leaves are also characteristic; A. mexicayia is of similar texture, but larger and more compact. A. micropliylla, chiefly of tropical South America, occurs in general as small isolated somewhat elongate plants; these are fre- quently thickened and deep purple, though thin green plants are occasional, as in Drouet 2659 from Ceara, Brazil. The following treatment is of the American species only, all of w^hich are characterized by the pres- ence of glochidia on the massulae. For identification of material the reader is especially directed to the photographs (PL 8) which illustrate typ- ical specimens of the four species here discussed. The identity of the AVest Indian material must remain doubt- ful, for the specimens seen are all sterile; nevertheless, their relationship is Avith .1. caroliyiiana, and they have been so identified by practically all previous writers. In A, filkuloides only the upper portion of an elongate frond is shown in figure 4; the leaves are most frequently of an ashy-gray color with broad, scarious, irregularly curled margins. In A. mexicana the under leaf lobes, ^'hieh serve as floats for the plant, are frequently much enlarged, even more so than in A, caroliniana. 74 American Fern Journal Nothing is known of the boundary between A. caro- liniana and A. mexicana, which probably lies in the Texas-Louisiana region. Finally, the reader must not be too optimistic about the identification of sterile material. Usually^ however, if the specimens are well collected and in a mature stage, they can be assigned to one of these four species. It is possible that microscopic studies of leaf margins may provide a key to the species, but thus far I have been unable to make anv correlation. Synopsis of Species A. Glocliidia not septate; plants smaU (0.5-1 cm. diam.)? dicliotomonslj "branched, the nearly orbicular, divaricate leaves small (0.5 mm. long), nearly smooth, not closely imbricate; microsporangia 8-40 in an iiidusium. — Eastern United States and the West Indies. 1. A. caroliniana {PL 6, fig, 3 ; pL 8, fig, 1). A A. Glochidia not septate, or rarely with 1 or 2 septae at apex; plants elongate (frequently 2-6 cm. long), with closely appressed; imbricate, papillose, oblong to ovate leaves (1 mm. long) ; micro- sporangia 35-100 in an indiisiiim; massulae 4-6; megasporangia Avith raised, irregularly hexagonal markings. — Guatemala to Alaska ; Andean and southern Soutli America; occasionally introduced in the eastern United States, Hawaii, and Europe. 2. A. fmculoides {PI. 6, figs. 1, ^; ph 8, fig. 4). AAA. Glochidia many-septate; plants dichotomously branched, 1-1.5 cm. diam., with upper leaf lobes 0.7 mm, long, the under ones much larger; microsporangia usually with 4 massulae; megaspore pitted. — Mexico and of scattered occurrence in the lowlands south- ward to French Guiana and Bolivia, northward to Utah and British Columbia, and eastward to Wisconsin and Illinois. 3. A. mexicana {PI, 7, figs. 1-3, 5 ; pi. 8, fig, B). AAAA. Glochidia many-septate; plants small (1-2 cm. long), pinnately branched, with nearly orbicular leaves 1 mm. long; mega- spore smooth.^Chiefly in the lowlands of Brazil and British Guiana; of scattered distribution in western South America and northward to Central America, the West Indies, and ** California 4. A. microphylla (PI. 6, fig. 4 ; J f h Azolla caroliniana Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 541. 1810, not of later authors except as to some descriptions and illus- trations of habit. fA. portoricensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: 9. 1827. Ponds and slow streams, from Massachusetts and New York to Louisiana, and, judging from habit alone, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica {Harris 10349). Jurgensen New World Species of Azolla 75 a (, 229, from Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, also has the habit of A, caroliniana. Only in Tryon & Godfrey no. 907, from Clarendon County, South Carolina, and Garber's collection from Sanford, Florida, in 1876, did I find microsporoearps. The gloehidia are non-septate, a condition otherwise char- acteristic of A. filiculoides, but somewhat smaller than in that species and acutely pointed at each end. Not- withstanding diligent search I have otherwise found no trace of fruiting bodies in this species. The sculpture of the megaspores, when they are seen, should be important for identification. Mettenius saw fruiting specimens of A, caroliniana'^ only from Schiede's Mexican collection, which he illustrated.^ This I take to be A. mexicana cannot be considered as published. It was collected in January, 1820, ^' inter Serpillo et Estero," a locality close to the Teeoluta River, halfway between Vera Cruz and Tuxpan.^ In the synonymy of A, carolhimna^ Mettenius cited J., mexicana Presl (Bot. Bern. Prague 150. 1844), ^vhich was based on Sehiede's collection and represents the first actual publication of A. mexicana.^ Schiede's plant certainly has nothing to do with true A. caro- hniana; nevertheless Mettenius^ illustration was followed hy Strasburger (1873) and later by Kulm in Martius' Flora Brasiliensis (1^: pi 82, 1884), from which it was copied by Britton & Brown (111. Fl. 1: 35. fig. 76. 1896). ^ Linnaea 20: 278. ph S, figs. 9-15. 1847. ^ehlecht. & Cham.,^ which received no description and ^Liiinaea 5: 625. 1830. ^Lhinaea 4: 561. 1829. 6 This rarely accessible publication apijears under the title '*Obs. ^otanicae'^ in Abh. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. V. 3: 150. 1845, and the description is as follows: **580. Xova AsoJlae species est: Azolla '^^exicana; fronde pinnata, foliolis imbricatis laevibus subrotundis coloratis, radicibus capillaribus. Habitat in Mexico, ubi legit clar. ' «ehxede. Affiiiis videtur A. portoricensL differt foliolis margine non hyahnis, '' American Fern Journal Volume 34, Plate 6 * I Plate 6. — Fig. 1. AsoUa fliculoidcsj from living material; fig- 2- A. fiUculoides, California, Wheeler in 1941; fig. 3, A, caroU7iia7ia, South Carolina, Tryon 4' Godfrey 907; fig. 4. A. micropliyUa, Galapagos Islands, Svenson 86. f New "World Species of Azolla 77 A. portoricensis was based on sterile material in the Sprengel herbarium, collected by Bertero. 2. Azolla filiculoides Lam. Eneycl. 1: 343. 1783, and 111. pi. 863. 1797; Meyen, Beitrage zur Kenutniss der Azollen, in Acad. Caes. Leop. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 18: 505-524. pi. 38. 1836 ; Strasburger, Ueber Azolla 78. pi. 6, figs. 87, 91. 1873; Kuhu in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1^- 658. pi. 82, figs. 9-11. 1884; Baker, Jonrn. Bot. 24: 100. 1886; Campbell, Ann. Bot. 7: pi. 8, figs. 27, 35, etc. 1893. A. magellanica Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 541. 1810 (renaming of A. filiculoides) ; Mettenius, Linnaea 20: 277. pi. 3, figs. 16- 21.^ 1847. A. squamosa Molina, Saggio Nat. Chile, ed. 2, 125. 1810, sec. Christensen. fA. honariensis Bertol. Misc. Bot. 21, in Reud. Sci. Bologna 1859-1860 : 64. pi 5, figs. 2a, 21). 1860. Azolla filiculoides came from the ]\rag-ellan region, but the actual locality is uncertain. I have not been able to make out the distinctly annular markings of the mega- spore shown by Mettenius; such markings are usually angular and are better shown by Strasburger {pi. 6, figs. 91y 92). Azolla honariensis was described from Buenos Aires, based on a collection by Fox-Strangwais, and is referred to -:i. caroliniana by Christensen (Ind. Fil. 148. 1906). Schlechtendal (Bot. Zeit 19: 343. 1861} does not seem to value it highlv, jior can Bertoloni's work as a whole be held in very high esteem. Occasionally specimens are found in which there are one or two septae at the very apex of the glochidia, but these may be residual protoplasmic material rather than actual septae. This form is A. filiculoides var. rulra (R. Br.) Strasburger (Ueber Azolla 78. pi. 6, fig. 86a. 1873), based on A. rutra R. Br. (Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 167. 1810; Baker, Journ. Bot. 24: 100. 1886). It was origi- nally described from Australia, but is of little if any im- portance geographically, since it is found scattered throughout the range of the species in America. American Tern Journal Volume 34, Plate 7 Plate 7. — Fig. 1. Asolla mexicana, Bolivia, Cardenas 2760; fig. 2. A. mexicana, Washington, SuJcsdorf 1216; fig. 3. A. mexicana, Oregon, Nelson 4176; fig. 4. A. filiculoides var. rubra, Chile, Looser in 1930; fig. 5. A. mexicana, Mexico, Ease 14647. f New "World Species of Azolla 79 ^ Azolla filiculoides seems to be the only species known from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, and from the Andes. In the Andes it seems frequently to grow on a rather dry substratum, the plants being often aggregated in thick masses, with very prominent roots. Such spccimeus are : Bogota, Colombia, Apollinaire in 1907; Chasqui, Pern, Machride 3307; Qnispieanchi, Pern, Herrera 2616, 2618; Bolivia, B. S. WiUiams 2648; Valparaiso, Chile, Claude Joseph 1562, 4698; Concon, Prov. Aconagua, Chile, Looser in 1930. I have seen the following collections of A. filiculoides in frnit : Alaska : BiscJioff in 1868. New York : Brook- lyn Botanic Garden, Benedict in 1924. Riverhead, Long Island, Muenscher d- Curtis 6647. Califoexia: Pacheco Pass, Brewer 1288. San Francisco, Bose 42246; Bolan- der in 1865 and 1866. San Mateo County, Blake 9944. Pierced County, Hoivell 4206. Santa Cruz County, Alrams 1833. San Luis Obispo, Summers in 1889. Santa Barbara, Gambel 668. Los Angeles, Wheeler in 1941. La Grange, Tracy. San Bernardino, Parish 5278. San Jacinto, Leilerg 3104. San Diego, Kimlall. Mission Dam, San Diego County, Kimlall 229. Hot Springs, San Diego County, Vasey 694. Arizona: Tucson, Thornier in 1903. Mexico: Chihuahua, Hart- man 614. Puebla, Arsene in 1907. Morelos, Bose & Painter 6878. Guatemala: Dept. Solola, Muenscher 12179. Colombia: Bogota, Lehmann 6363. Bolivia: Cochabamba, Julio 191; Bang 983, 1032, 1033. Chile: . Santiago, Hastings 319. Valdivia, Philippi in 1888. Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Malme 290. Uruguay: Florida, Eosengurtt B-781. Montevideo, Gihert 1317, 1318. Argentina: Jujuy, Eyerdam & Beetle 22193, 22335. Corrientes, Palmer 1854. Rioja, Venturi 8230. Rio Negro Valley, Fischer 233. Hawaii : Oahu, Dcgener rf' Dowson 12913. Honolulu, Fosberg 13833. American Fern Journai. Volume 34, Plate 8 -,:^^:J^:b»A^:>i<^4^A^ja:^ ^ J^ 1 V \ 5 f i 4 I Plate 8.— Fig. 1. Azolla caroliniana, Soutli Carolina, Tryon & Godfrey 907; fig. 2. A, mexicana, Mexico, Ease 14806; fig. 3. -4- microphyllaj Galapagos Islands, Svens&n 86; fig. 4. A, fliculoides, Argentina, Venturi 8230. All about 5 times natural size. New AVorld Species of Azolla 81 3. Azolla mexicana Presl, Abh. Bolim. Ges, Wiss. V. 3: 150. 1845. A. caroliniana sensu Mettenius, Linnaea 20: 278. pi, 3, figs, 9-15, 1847; Kiilin, in :\Iart. Fl. Bras. 1^: 659. pi 82. 1884; Britt. & Biwvn, 111. Fl. 1: 35. fig. 76. 1896, not Willd. A. mexicana Sdileeht. & Cham. Lin- naea 5: 625. 1830 (name only). ?J.. deiisa Desv. Mem. Soe. Linn. Paris 6: 177. 1827 (cited in synonymy by Mettenius). AzoUa mexicana resembles A. caroliniana in its flat- tenedj dichotomously branched appearance^ and it in- cludes in general the specimens from the Avestern L^nited "States and Mexico cited by authors under the name A. caroliniana. The leaves are, ho-^vever, larger than those of A, caroliniana and do not have their slender appear- ance. The megaspores, before they are mature, might sometimes be mistaken for those of ^1. filiculoides because of the greenish corky-thickened markings, but when the niegaspore has become dull gray and relieved of its outer covering the surface will be seen to be minutely pitted. This is undoubtedly the impression Mettenius wished to convey in his illustration of A. caroliniana^ which, as I have mentioned previously, was drawn from a Mexican collection. According to Weatherby (Contr. Gray Herb. 114: 21. 1936), no specimens of Azolla densa Desv. or A. arbus- cnla Desv. are to be found in the Desvaux Herbarium. The only tAvo sheets of Azolla are named JL. caroliniana and A. filiculoides, and these identifications are confirmed by Kuhn. It seems that the names A. densa and A, orhuscula can well be disregarded. WiSCON SIX: Lacrosse, Hale in 1861. Illinois: Carroll County, Waite in 1887. Oquawka, Patterson. Swan Lake, Cal- houn County, Mefcalf 1110. ^IissouRi: Cooley Lake, Clay County, Metcalf 1045. Utah: Provo, Garrett in 82 American Fern Journal 1926. Nevada: Carson Sinks, Sperry fig, 1-5. 1943. I I I Hook. & Grev. The latter was by far the more generally I distributed in the grass}^ fields, and in the shadier, moister ( spots where the grass had not recently been cut it was accompanied by 0. reticulatum. Plants of 0. reticii' latum w^ere often double, while those of 0. ellipticum were sometimes triple, the fronds of different ages. Jlost of the fully developed specimens were found after several days of sporadic light precipitation. In the **Monograi3h of the Ophioglossaceae*' by Robert T. Clausen (1938) Ophioglossum reticulatum is cited from British Guiana, Venezuela, and Grenada, so this species might well be expected in Trinidad. This is prob- ably, however, the first valid notice of it from that island. For 0. ellipticum^ Dr. Clausen gives localities in British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil, and, with a question mark, Bolivia and Panama. This record, then, of 0. ellipticum is likely the first one from Trinidad, and the first one off the continent of South America. — AVar- REN Herbert Wagner, Jr., Washington^ D, C, I I I I * ittW Recent Fern Literature 97 * Dr. Werner Rothmaler lias recently published^ au extended account of Dryopteris paleacea, the eommou pan-tropic analogue of tlie Male-fern, D. FUix-mas, in- cluding description and a detailed discussion of its nomenclature and geographic distribution. The combi- nation B. paleacea is usually attributed to C. Christenseu (Amer. Fern Journ. 1: 94. 1911), but the proper author- ity is Handel-Mazzetti (Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 58: 100. 1908). Because of its wide range this species has been redeseribed many times, over two pages of synonyms being listed by Eothmaler. The type came from Peru. The Mexican plants were described as Aspidhmi paral- lelogranimum and A. crinitum, those from Hawaii as Lastrea truncata and Dryopteris ftisco-atra, from the Himalaya as Aspidium Wallichianum and A. patentissi- mmuj from Europe as A. disfans^ A. BlacJtwellianum, Lastrea pseiido-maSy and Dryopteris Borreri, from Ma- deira as Neplirodium affine, and from the Caucasus as D^'yopferis mediterranean Eotlimaler states that in spite of this abundant synonymy the species is relatively uni- form morphologieally throughout its range, and that plants from these various widely separated regions are ^ot separable, even varietally. He gives the principal distinctions from related species, all of which, with the exception of D. Filix-mas, are Asiatic. In the Western Hemisphere hybridization between these two species does not take place, because of their distinct ranges, but in Europe numerous hvbrids have been found. — C, V. M. In a recently issued number of the Bulletin of the Yer- niout Botanical and Bird Clubs,- I^Ir. H. G. Rugg records a bit of observation along the lines suggested in the Presi- dent's report for last year. On three diiferent occasions he has transplanted to his garden clumps of Osmiinda 1 Rothmaler, Werner. TJeber Dryopteris paleacea (Sw.) Hand.- Mazz. Boissiera (Geneva) 7: 166-181. 1942. 2 No. 17, pp. 35, 37. Jan. 1944. 98 American Fern Journal cinnamomea forma incisa; on all three occasions the fronds lost their incised character in a year. Mr. Rugg asks why. The answer is not easy to give and, as in the case of Mr. Harlow's Polypodium (this Journal 33: 105), it may come from a wholly unexpected quarter. One w^ay to get it might be to observe plants of the incised form growing in the wild for a series of years, see how they behaved and, if they remained constant, try to find out what they had in the wald w^hich they would not have in the garden, w^hich might influence the development of the frond. Anyway, Mr. Rugg has at least shown that this particular form is inconstant when transplanted- though 0. cinnamomea^ forma auriculataj remained un- changed when moved to the same garden, Mr. Rugg also noted that stations for the Male-fern in Vermont have suffered greatly from grazing cattle, though Wood-ferns and Hay-scented Ferns nearby were untouched. — C. A. W. American Fern Society The ''high cost of living'' is felt by the Fern Journal, as it is by members of the Society. The Treasurer asks, therefore, if those in arrears will forw^ard the amount of unpaid dues as soon as possible. Xew Members Mr. F. BaUard, Eoyai Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England. Miss Gladys A, Beebe, R. D. 3, Coiidersport, Pennsylvania, Mrs. John 11. Churehwell, 1807 Avondale Circle, Jacksonville, Fla- Mr. Ira W. Clokey, 1835 Laurel St., Pasadena, California. Cpl. Joseph M. Devlin, Med. Det. 940th Field Art. Bn., Fort Bragg, N, C. Mr. Frank H. Mather, 515 Windover Eoad, Ilatboro, Pennsylvania. Mr. A. W. Eoberts, 4541 Lomita St., Los Angeles, Calif. Sr. Jose Sanchez, Colegio Cristobal Col6n, Sadi Carnot 38, Mexico City, Mexico, American Fern Society 99 Changes of Address Cpl. William B. Cooke, Box 143, Warrenton, Virginia. Miss E. M. Kittredge, 10 High St., Rutland, Vermont. Mr. Ian McCallum, 471 Nelson St., Sariiia, Ontario, Canada. Br, Philip A. Munz, Bailej Hortorium, Ithaca, New York. Mr. William F. Eapp, 130 Washington Ave., Chatham, New Jersey. Mrs. G. W. Strattan, 1004 Twentieth Ave., Altoona, Peimsylvauia. Dr. R. M. Try on, Jr., Freelandville, Indiana. Hubert Earl Ransier H. E, Ransier, whose death occurred November 28, 1943, joined the Fern Society in 1902, one of the early band of fern enthusiasts who helped set the pattern of friendly association in fern collecting, exchange of ^speci- mens, field trips, and correspondence about these plants. During more than 40 years of membership he continued his lively interest in promoting Fern Society activities. In 1910 he helped launch the Fern JouRNAn. Photographer and pharmacist in the village of Manlius, eight miles east of Syracuse, N. Y., Mr. Ransier was situ- ated in a region having many fern species of special interest. HartVtongue localities were only a few miles distant, and BotrycJiium Lunaria — if B, onondagense is not counted a separate species — was found in one of its very few United States stations close to the Hart's- i tongue. This is the region of limestone cliffs and gullies east of Jamesville, which comprises such a rich series of botancial and geological manifestations. An assiduous field Avorker and collector of variant types in ferns, especially Hart 's-tongue and ""[N^alking Fern, Ransier extended his fern interest in later years to many parts of the country. He owned one of the early, well-equipped trailers and in this he toured the country "vvith Mrs. Ransier, especially Avinters, collecting and photographing ferns from the Owen Sound region in Canada, where he went to see the Hart 's-tongue stations, J 100 American Fern Journal to Florida, Cuba, and the Southwest Postcard photo- graphs would come in from time to time, showing a variety of scenes — a cascade of Maidenhair (Adiantum Capilliis-Veneris) on an old Avail near St. Augustine or a sahuaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) in Arizona. Ransier was President of the Fern Society in the first decade of the century. Afterward he served the interests of ferns and fern-study in many unofficial ways. When the soda interests, in the early 1920 's had to reach out for more limestone, they found in the Jamesville region plenty of limestone, and also a most convenient natural dumping-receptacle for waste material in the form of one of the natural wonders of New York State — the plunge basin of a glacial-period Niagara^ about one mile east of Jamesville. A deep horseshoe-shaped recess in the lime- stone cliffs, with a small deep lake 300 feet below the top, made an ideal depository into which carloads of waste rock could be dumped. For botanists this meant the destruction of hundreds of Hart's-tongue plants, as well as the general devastation of classically interesting col- lecting ground for flowering plants as well as ferns. Ransier and Dr. J. B. Todd, a Syracuse member, joined forces with others to save as much of the Hart's-tongue as possible. Many plants w^ere removed and established in other sites outside the range of industrial progress, and a considerable number also were distributed to members of the Fern Society for naturalization in other sections. The only consolation for naturalists lay otherwise in the fact that the Jamesville region possessed not one glacial plunge basin, but two. The other, a little west of James- ville, had already been saved as a State preserve, the Clark Eeservation. Fortunately, it has its own Hart's- tongue station, — R. C. B. 1 THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLU nil IncludizLg BoIletiQ, Memoirs, and Torreya. |6.(M} a ya^ PUBUOATIONS Bulletin. Monthlj, except Jvlj, August and September; estab- lished 1870. Price $6.00 a jear; single numbers 75 cents. Torreya. Bimonthly; established 1901. Price $1.00 a y«r. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Bulletin or Torreya should be addressed to Hakoxj) W. Bicktpt, Editor, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P. 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Back Tolumes, as available, $7.00 each. Foreign postage : 60 cents. Department F, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S. A- amoosc o oii€€^«ng Equipment ar< erDdriym applies F«ni ImwtU ♦ Fl«y Picki Hand L«nstf # PI«M Pret^^i Coilectfns Gs«t ♦ Dtltn Pap^n and Suaiilm ^ ^ Writo, To-day, for Your Copy of FREE CATALOG F'91 ^J--'^ JBJE^Wm. CAMBOSCO SCIEHTIFIC CO., BOSTON, MA»» I 1 J' 4 \ I- "^ |T J ■_ _ y ^x ' Vol. 34 October-December, 1944 No. 4 Auifrtratt iF^rn Mntmi A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS Pul.luli.J h, At AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY 4^ EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C. V. MORTO ^ iRA I* WIGGINS J^ GONTBNTS ome Conspicuous Ferns of Northern South America OSCAS Haught Annototioos on West American Fern s—IU Jos jtph Ewan A New Isoetea from Ecuador . ™«. „. Hbnhy K» Svsjssok Appa Fern Literature- an Fern Society.. AESEN HL WA0N^ 34 i*-*4«#' ■%«4-^4t4 ifr V-* ^^4 A«*4 d'M <■ jj-^**-» -t-t^-*' ^^=*^ +*'^^ ■ ** J ^*< 127 n 1*^*4 h > >44i^Jki^ * *■ *^^^w^^^mw^m iM « *-*+*»^w-*«# to4 *«b4 tH 4V V^^q »*****#*»♦* 130 I ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION. $IJ5s FOREIGN, |IJ5 QUEEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE, LA.NCASTER, PA. BROOKLYN. NEW YORK i.* .. im^J^i?^ ^ 8ecoad-cIas» mmt^r at the ra^ of ^lertage provided for ia section 1103, aathomed on Jnbr 8, MIS. for znallixisr at »pedal Act S'. Foster 814 (US). Stevens County: Charaokane River.^^ Oregon. Sauvie's Island, T. J. Eowell^* Washing- ton County: Scoggins Valley, F. E. Lloyd 47 (AFS). Douglas County : Roseburg, Cuskk 3870 (COLO). Yam- hill Coiinty: "Coast mountains. "^^ Coos County: Marshfield.^'' Josephine County : Wolf Creek. ^^ "Rocky shady banks of upper Willamette," Lane or Douglas County, Cusick 1508 in 1887 (YU). California, Contra Costa County : Wildcat Canyon, Etvan 8161, 8639. Las Trampas Ridge, Mason 1166. Alameda County: Berkeley [Hills], August 1898, L. F. Kimlall (AFS). San Francisco County: Lake Merced, May 1898, [Miss] E. Cannon (AFS). San Mateo County: Between Santa Cruz and Pescadero, alt. 1,000 ft., September 1929, V. N. Poole (COLO). Above Sears- 11 Piper & Beattie, Fl. NW. Coast 7. 1915. 12 Henry, J. K. Fl. So. Brit. Col. 7. 1915; also F. Kermode, PreUm. Cat. Fl. Vancouv. & Queen Charlotte Isl. 7. 1921. This record needs confirmation, but since such a southern fern as Pityrogramma triangularis has also been reported to occur on Mt. Pinlaysou the occurrence of D. arguta there seems altogether probable. Hardy wrote (in litt. May 14, 1942) that no collection so labelled exists in the Provincial Museum, Victoria. 13 Frye, T. C. Ferns of the Northwest 130. 1934. A transcasca- dean station. " Piper & Beattie, op. cit. 7. 15 FarweU, op. cit. 256. « Frye, op. cit. " Frye, op. cit. 114 American Fern Journal ville Lake, alt. 1,000 ft., Keck 1361. Santa Cruz County : Santa Cruz Mountains, Mav 28, 1898, L. F, Kimhall (AFS). Monterey County T Carmel Koad, Heller 6821. Upper Arroyo Seco, Santa Lucia Mountains, alt. 3,000 ft-, Ewan 9348. One mile south of Salmon Creek, Wiggins 5744 (AFS). Santa Barbara County: Santa Cruz Is- land, Fosherg 7571.^^ Santa Rosa Island.^^ Los Angeles County: Lookout Mountain, alt. 1,000 ft., Ewan 2315, Tuna Canyon, Verdugo Range, alt. 1,300 ft., F, A. Mac- Fadden 19E. Pasadena, 1896, /. E. Camphell (AFS). Las Flores Canyon, alt. 1,700 ft., Ewan 1285. Temescal Canyon, Ewan 10824. Higgins Canyon, alt. 1,600 ft.. May 22, 1926, Ewan s.n. Mandeville Canyon, Clokey cC Templeton 4539. San Bernardino County : San Bernar- dino Mountains, alt. 3,000-4,000 ft., January and July, 1904, R. J. Smith (AFS). San Diego County: San Miguel Mountain, L. F. Kimhall (AFS). Jamaclia Ranch, L. F, Kimhall (AFS), Escondido, 1929, H. E. Eansier (AFS). Mussey Grade, Wigghis 2522 (AFS). Warners Hot Springs. 20 Arizona. Pinal and Gila counties.^^ Baja California. Seaward slopes 2 miles south of ^'Halfway House," 37 miles south of Tia Juana, Wiggins d Gillespie 3908 (US). Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. This species is more widely distributed in British Columbia than the single station reported by J. K. Henry would suggest.^^ It ranges from near the Alaska-British Columbia boun- dary, at Nass River (on lava beds, W. B. Anderson 7580, V), south to Lake Garibaldi (alt. 4,600 ft., G. A. Hardy 8176, V), Yale {W. B. Anderson 8559, V), and Chilli- wack {W. B. Anderson 16, V), and southeast along the 18 Erect, robust plants with close-set fronds. i9Brandegee, Proc. CaUf, Acad. Sci. IL 1: 218. 1888. 20Munz & Johnston, Anier. Fern Journ. 12; 76. 1922. 21 A member of the '^Pacific'' floristic group with a discontinuous distribution eastward from the coastal region of California to a floristic island principally in the Pinal and Mazatzal Mountains ot Arizona (Kearney & Peebles, FL PI. & Ferns Ariz, 8, 30. 1942). 22 FL So. Brit, Col. 7. 1915, t West A^ierican Ferxs 115 Selkirk and Gold ranges, at Revelstoke (Henry, I.e. 7), Sliiis\yap (June 15, 1916, J. A. Munro, Y), and Sandon {F. A. MacFadden 823, COLO). These British Colum- bia collections are fairly uniform, as in general are the many North American specimens studied. Especially striking is this uniformity when Old World collections are revieAved (e,g.y material from Geruiany, England, China, and Japan). ^ Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott X D. oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon, n, hybr. Lamina oi-3|-plo longior quam lata, lanceolata, glabra; pinnae inaequaliter acumi- natae atque apice subcaudatae, oppositae, membranaceae; lobi triangulares vel subtruncati eis D. oreopteris simil- limi ; indnsinm parvum, pallidum, membranaceum, leviter glandulosuni. Type in the herbarium of the Victoria Memorial Mu- seum, collected at Alice Arm, British Columbia, July 1934, by Lohbrunner and Nichols (No. 9555). Isotype at the University of Colorado. This putative hybrid has been transferred to the gar- den of Mr. Lohbrunner, where it has maintained its dis- tinctive characters of pinnae form and indusia. Al- though I have seen no material of the parents from Alice Arm, I have examined a sheet of D. Filix-mas from a nearby locality, Nass Kiver, taken by AV. B. Anderson (No. 7580). G. A. Hardy, Botanist at Provincial Mu- seum, Victoria, writes that the plants were growing in clumps in decidedly boggy ground at or about sea level Other ferns in the vicinity were Atliyrinm Filix-feminay Bleehnum Spicant^ and Dryopteris dilatata, the two latter abundant in this coastal region ; there was no sign of D, Filix-mas anywhere. Hardy's description of the country where this hvbrid comes from (in litt. Nov, 28, 1941) coutains some noteworthy points. Of the Nass River, close to the Alaskan boundary, he writes: "The greater and more northern portion flows through rolling plains 116 American Fern Journal I f broken up by slate ridges, the lower part through deep and narrow valleys. It is well timbered to 65 miles from the coast. It has an average [yearly] temperature i [range] of from 19^ to 65"^ [F,], with an average pre- cipitation of 78 to 80 inches per annum," Nass Kiver empties into a part of Alice Arm. The fern was re-col- lected in a meadow west of town, Alice Arm, August 1942, by A. D, York (V, COLO). M tion is a collection {LoJihrunner & Nichols 9552, V) from Alice Arm, B. C, July 1934. Alice Arm is near the Alaskan boundary. This collection is a single frond, smaller than typical P. Andersoni, Polystlchum Braunii var. Purshii Fern. X P- Lonchi- tis (L.) Roth, n. hybr. Lamina 4i-plo longior quam lata, sparse paleacea ; pinnae eis P. Braunii var. Ptirshii simil- 23 Amer. Fern Journ. 11: 106. 1921. 1 * I f in 1941, comments, this hybrid is near D. Filix-mas but of weaker habit, the pinnae now spreading more at right angles to the rachis, in the manner of sterile plants of the eastern D. Thelypteris var. puhescens^ now ascending as is so frequent in the Male-fern. The form of the lobes and the position of the sori approach D. oreopteris. I have not seen a sufficient series of D, oreopteris from the Old World to determine the North American var. hespena (Slosson) Broun and its distinctness. The variation I among North American individuals is certainly very great. POLYSTICHUM Polystichum Andersoni Hopkins. This species is credited to southeastern Alaska upon the basis of a speci- men (T7. S, Cooper 50) from Tracy Arm, Sumdum Bay, southeast of Juneau, as reported by Maxon.^^ An inter- esting addition to our knowledcre of its coastal distribu- West American Ferns 117 limae sed breviores, apice brevi svibaequaliter et abrupte aeutae; lobi apice subtruncato spinulosi; indusium leviter granulosum glabrumve, ciliolatum, ea. 2 mm. latum, tarde deciduum. Type in the Victoria Memorial Museum, collected at '*Fort Simpson/' British Columbia, by W. B, Anderson, without date or number. It is illustrated by one of the two fronds as fig. B of the accompanying plate. The intended locality must mave been Port Simpson, just north of Prince Rupert, Chatham Sound, near the Alaskan boundary. This sheet is the basis, I believe, of the report of Z>. oreopteris, under the name Aspidhim oreoptens, from Port Simpson by J. K. Henry.^* The peltate indusium of the genus PolysticJium is clearly evident on the type, however. Though I have seen no collections of the parent species from Port Simpson, both are to be expected in that vicinity upon the basis of re- ports from localities both north and south. The char- acter of the sori being confined to the terminal half of the frond, characteristic of both parents, is well dis- played by this putative hybrid. Polystichum Dudley! Maxon. This endemic Cali- fornian Polystichum, Avhich of all our Pacific Coast rela- tives of the Old World P. aculeaUim most nearly ap- proaches that species, was reported from San Luis Obispo County, California, by me.^'* Fine examples of it were taken February 23, 1935, at Anderson Canyon, Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County^ w^here it was asso- ciated with the Canyon Oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and a southern relict colony of the Kedwood (Sequoia semper- vtrens). This southern material (Ewan 9103) is thor- oughly comparable with several topotypes from the Santa Cruz Mountains. It is well deserving of garden use. ^* Fl, So. Brit. Col. 6. 1915. 25 Amer. Fern Journ. 24: 7. 1934. AMERICAN Fern Journal Volume 34^ Plate 9 i-i-iBi-i-r-n-_-r--_itijj"^-i [ f \ \ * POLYSTICHUM SPP. AND HyBEID t West American Ferns 119 Polystichum scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Maxou. Dis- tributional summaries by Maxon^^ and Broun^^ do not record this species as ranging north to British Columbia. J. K. Henry^s records it from Texada Island. This is an island in Georgia Strait about opposite Comox, between lat. 49° and 50^. Keymode^^ refers to the same record as ^'Texada Island, W. B. Anderson/' I have examined this specimen {Anderson 666, August 1897, Y)^ and find it to be a typical single frond, validating the northern- F niost locality for this species. - "Wheeler^^ reports finding Polystichum scopidimtm growing with P. Lemmoni in the Siskiyou Mountains, California. He also comments upon Lemmon*s collect- ing the two Polystichums apparently ''at the same time and at apparently the same station.'' This surmise is borne out by a Lemmon sheet (COLO) which bears a note ''Mt. Eddy, n. Sierras, CaL, near Shasta, 6,000 ft., found with molirioides/^ referring to what Underwood later named P. Lemmoni Similarly the two ferns occur Mt remain distinguishable, as indeed they do in the Siskiyou :Moun- tains, as pointed out by Wheeler. This fact lends sup- port to the recognition of these ferns as distinct species. Equisetum Equisetum palustre var. americanum Victorin, Equis. du Quebec 51. fig. 7. 121. 1927. Jepson^' reports B, pahistre from California as follows, ''Wet places, San Mate I have not determined the basis of this record. In company with 26 In Abrams, 111. Fl. Pacif. States 11. 1923. 2" Index No. Amer. Ferns 149. 1938. 2^ FL So. Brit. Col. 6. 1915. 2» Prelim. Cat. Fl. Vancouv. & Queen Charlotte Isl. 8, 1921. 30 Amer. Fern Journ. 27: 127. 1937. ^ Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 41. 1923. 120 American Fern Journal Ed%vard Lee the author collected this EquiseUim on March 24, 1934 {Ewan 8698, COLO), at the east end of M Lake Merced, San Francisco County, where scattered plants occurred over an entire SAvale then drying out from extensive drainage operations. Here it was ing in the partial shade of Ruhiis parviflorus veluiinus. This collection, except for its stouter habit, agrees well in technical characters with more northern specimens such as Siiksdorf 11535 from Washington, Hiilhert & Spence 517 from Idaho, and /. P. Anderson 7336 from Alaska. isetum Maur cc British Colum- r ■ bia; Eurasia." In my collecting along the Pacific Coast I have especially watched for this interesting form and have detected it but once : 1| miles west of Bodega, on Bodega Bay Road, Sonoma County, California, May 12, 1935 {Eimn 9224, COLO), where it was growing in a gulch of an open hillslope of a coastal mesa. University of Colorado. Explanation of Plate 9 A, Folystichum Braunii var. Purshii, from Juneau, Alaska, /. P' Anderson 6159; B, P. Braunii var. FurshiixP. Lonchitis, from Port Simpson, B. C, W, B, Andersoii; C, P. LoncTiitis, from Trad* well Ditch, Douglas Island, Alaska, J, P. Anderson 6416. 32 Index No. Amer. Ferns 96. 1938. ^ ^ I I i h f t I A New Isoetes from Ecuador 121 A New Isoetes from Ecuador * Henry K. Svensoist the ^ royage of Chamisso, which I discussed briefly in my re- cent paper on Azolla, are likely to fall upon anyone who explores for plants. The chances of arriving in a cer- tain locality just when the vegetation is in full bloom, unless one is prepared beforehand, are not very great — unless the ever-blooming tropical rain-forest is the place to be visited. When I visited the coast of Ecuador in the early months of 1941, with the help of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, I had been fearful lest the annual expected rainfall of some 4 to 6 inches would not be sufficient to bring out the vegetation m this semidesert region. The 7-year cycle of heavy rains had passed in 1939, with a fall of about 40 inches on the southwest coast, and the next heavy fall was not expected therefore until 1946. It was equally as sur- prismg to the inhabitants of the area as it was to me to receive torrents of rain in late January of 1941. These extended — together with gales and thunder storms, both of which are unusual in the area — to beyond the middle of March. Fifteen inches of rain fell on the southwest point of the coast, and just a few miles inland the pre- cipitation was greatly increased. Much of the country- side was impassable, and all travel along the coast ceased. But in being so restricted I did see the entire transition of a flowering season, much as Kichard Spruce saw it at the little town of Chanduy, some 40 miles down the coast from Salinas, in 1864. Sodiro has already mentioned the great scarcity of ferns in the region of Guayaquil, which lies in the fringe ^ Brooklyn Botanic Garden Contributions, No. 100. 122 American Fern Journal. of the same dry area. It was not until I was able to get into Manglaralto, which lies on the coast in an area moistened by cloud condensation against the adjacent hills, that I came across any true ferns, and these were mostly the types found in all tropical plantations. In { the dry country the fern allies were few^ in number but much more interesting, and included a large new species of Isoetes, quite different from anything previously found in this part of South America. It is described herewith. At Manglaralto were dense plantations of f vegetable-ivory palms, Carludovica (the plant from which panama-hat fiber is obtained), bananas, and other # tropical fruits; scattered on the ground, or more rarely occurring as epiphytes, were widespread species of ferns, practically all of which I had previously seen in the Galapagos Islands. Here were two species of Maiden- hair : Adiantum concinnumy with delicate elongate droop- ing fronds, and A. tetraphyllum^ with stiff upright pubescent leaves. On tree trunks grew Asplenium auritum, one of the most abundant ferns of tropical America, but here obviously under unfavorable condi- tions, since none of the plants were fruiting. On the ground was an Aspleninm of the luniilaUim group which I have not yet definitely identified. Blechnum occiden- tale was common, as might have been expected. Of D^^lf- opteris, there were D. patens^ D, Poiteana, and D. siih- tetragonor— all abundant weedy plantation types. Of the relatively few ferns present, the only one of real interest w^as the epiphytic Polypodmm halaonense, w^hich is a variant of the widespread P. lepidopteris and here was in splendid fruiting condition. Of this species I also found traces on the summit of the Chanduy Hills, and without doubt it is an indigenous species; it is a form with appressed silvery scales and lacks the red- dish coloration seen in Galapagos specimens. A New Isoetes from Ecuador 123 The fern allies were also few in number, but of much greater interest than the ferns. In shaded ravines at Man- glaralto were Selaginella Kiinzeana and S. eryfhropus Spring, which Mr. Morton has kindl}^ determined for me. All the seasonal pools in the vicinity of Salinas and Santa Elena were covered by Marsilea ancylopoday which is known only from this general region. At the western base of the Chanduy Hills small pools in the grassland had Azolla micropJiylla floating on the surface, with the general appearance of the species as it is found in the Galapagos Islands. But of more interest in these pools was the Isoetes — a plant as large as the familiar I. Engel- manni of eastern United States, with leaves often a foot m length. These pools are probably completely dry throughout most of the year, and the Isoetes is therefore likely to be found only in the rainy season. Isoetes pacifica sp. nov. Cormus bilobatus ( ?). Folia numero 20-60, flexilia, longitudine 12-30 cm., ca. 1 mm. cliametro, versus apicem gradatim attenuata, basi mem- branacea 6 mm. lata, 4 cm. longa, stomatibus et fibris periphericis 6 instrueta. Ligula triangularis, basi lata. Sporangia longitudine 6-10 mm., latitudine 4r-& mm. Megasporae albidae, diam. 480 p, tuberculis elongatis obtusis vel subspinescentibus ornatae. Microsporae sub- rotundae, 36-40 \x diametro, minute papillosae. Type (Brooklyn Botanic Garden) from pools east of Chanduy, Ecuador, March 23, 1941, Svenson 11002. A large amphibious plant with the habit and appear- ance of /. Engelmanni of the eastern United States, occu- ■ pymg small pools which are probably dry except in the ramy season, in the grassy flat lands lying about four niiles east of Chanduy at the base of the Cerro do Estancia. Growing with it were Heteranthera limosa, Lemna minima, Echinochloa Criis-Galli and E. colomtm a rather meager assemblage of uninteresting species. It is wholly distinct from any of the South American American Fern Journal Volume 34, Plate 10 I \ / t ISOETES PACIFICA SVEXSON Hybrid Cystoptekis 125 species treated by AVeber (Hedwigia 63: 219-262. 1922) and the Andean I, ecuadorensis Asplund (Bot. Notiser 1925: 357, 1925); and it does not fit into any of the species treated by Dr. Pfeiffer in her monograph of the Isoetaceae (Ann. Mo, Bot. Gard. 9: 79-232. 1922). In both monographic accounts cited above, the nearest ap- proach in size of plant and in character of megaspores is I. Gardneriana Kunze from Goyaz Province, Brazil, and Paraguay; but in Weber's illustration of that species (fig. 34) the spinescent tubercles are very few and, be- sides, the microspores are smooth. I have been unable to find an illustration of the stomata of IsoeteSy despite the fact that their presence or absence m the leaves is one of the principal guiding points for the tasonomist, A drawing of the stomata as seen under the compound microscope has accordingly been made. wn mounted by a short triangular ligule ; and below the leaf - base are megaspores and microspores. One of the latter IS greatly enlamed to show tlie rous'liened surface. Another Occurrence of the Apparent Hybrid Cystopteris Warren Herbert Wagner^, Jr. Memorial group which visited Cystopteris Bluff, as recently chron- icled by Dr. Wherry.^ Seeing the Cystopteris fragilis with glandular indusia and bulblets led to the recollection of my having found a similar plant at Catoctin Furnace, Frederick County, Maryland, while fern-hunting wath David E. Rawlings in 1938. A later visit in company ^'ith Neal W. Gilbert having failed to reveal any addi- tional plants, the matter had been dismissed. '" ■ ■ ^ This Journal 34 : 92. 1944. r 126 American Fern Journal f During a furlough on June 26, 1944, I took occasion to revisit the spot. The sumac trees growing in the debris of the old furnace had become rather large and the other vegetation very dense, so that the walls where ferns grow in crevices are now mostly w^ell shaded. On one side of the furnace there were found many typical plants of C, fragilis var. MaeMyi% in company with a few young ones of C hulhifera; and out of reach, higher ' up the w^all, there appeared to be more of both. * On another section of the furnace wall the situation . Avas quite different. Here was seen but a single clump of C, fragilis var. Mackayii; but all around it were < numerous luxuriant clumps of another entity which even on superficial examination appeared wholly distinct. The blades of the larger fronds show a marked tendency to become long and narrow toward the end, as do those of C. hulbifera; as in the latter, too, the lowest pinnae tend to elongate, and all pinnae to curve up at the tip, while even the largest are pinnatifid rather than pin- nate. On the other hand, a resemblance to C. fragihs is seen in the variable cutting and the dark green coloring. Hybridization between the two species certainly seems plausible. Proliferation is shown by most of the larger fronds on these peculiar plants, but it is rather unusual in character. Along the rachis at the base of the pinnae occur ''bulblets" of varying aspect, but never so regular in form. as those of normal 0. hulhifera. They range from large irregular green masses 3 to 4 mm. in diameter, made up of several smaller ones, with colorless scales at the end, to smaller masses of vegetative tissue about 0.5 to 1 mm. in diameter, wdth some sporogenous tissue inter- mixed! And the latter extreme may also pass into an enlarged sorus just above a pinna-base. Recent Fern Literature 127 Another deviation from C. hulhifera consists in the rarity of gland-tipped hairs. On examination under the binocular microscope only three of these were seen on one frond by Dr. Maxon and the writer, and subsequent search failed to yield more. Accordingly, it can not be said that the hybrid origin of this material has been con- clusively demonstrated. A mere sport of C. fragiUs, caused by the presence of iron oxides or other compounds m the furnace walls may be represented; and in this connection it is noteworthy that ''freak'' forms of com- mon ferns are (or were before civilization took a hand) especially abundant on the dumps of an iron mine at Lake Grubb, Lancaster Count}', Pennsylvania. The Catoctin locality, not difficult to reach by street car or bus from Frederick, deserves further investiga- tion, and may well repay repeated visits twice a year to see how the plants develop. For those who can study only dried material, it may be placed on record that ample specimens have been deposited in the U. S. Na- tional Herbarium, the Gray Herbarium, and the her- barium of the University of Pennsylvania under my number 2000. C. fragilis var. protrusa^ found a quarter of a mile from the furnace in humus-rich soil on a rocky slope, is No. 2001 ; immature plants of C fragilis var. Mackayii are No. 2002, and of C. hiilbifera No. 2003. Washington, D. C. Recent Fern Literature Jesse M, Shaver has published^ a paper entitled ''The Filmy and Polypody Ferns in Tennessee,'' in which four species are discussed in detail: Triohomanes Fetersii, TricJiomanes Boschiannm, Polypodium virginianum^ and Polypodium polypodioides. Descriptions and excellent 1 Journ. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 18: 215-222. 1943; 19: 167-174. 1944. 128 American Fern Journal line drawings are given for all four, and three are illus- trated also by habit photographs. Trichomanes Petersii is rare in Tennessee and was not discovered there until 1931; it is known only from Blount County, Tricko- manes Boschianum i^ also rare, being known from two localities only, at one of which it has apparently been exterminated. Both species of Polypodium are abun- dant, but P. virginianum occurs only in the eastern half of the state, — C. V. M. 4 A notable addition to our state fern floras has recently appeared, covering Virginia.^ The bulletin comprises 1 Massey, A. B. The Ferns and Fern Ames of Virginia. Bull Va. Polytechn. Inst. 37, No. 7, pp. 1-110, many figs. 1944. f I \ brief discussions of the general distribution of ferns in the statCj the structure and biology of ferns, the fern garden, methods of collecting and preserving specimens, and an elaborate cheek list of species, varieties, and hybrids, with descriptions and full citation of speci- mens in herbaria, arranged by counties in alphabetical sequence. There is finally a 10-page key and a table of pertinent literature. Illustrations of many of the spe- cies are included, some of them previously published ' elsewhere (such as the splendid line drawings that ap- j peared in the *'Pteridophytes of West Virginia/' by I Brooks and Margolin) but others new, principally half- tone illustrations of Virginia occurrences. Much care has been taken to have the nomenclature accurate and up-to-date, although not every modern *' splitter" has been followed; thus, the Beech- and Marsh-fern groups are retained in Dryopteris, the Dwarf Chain-fern in Woodwardia, and the three autumnal Botrychiums under B. dissectum. Carefully selected common names are given for most of the species included. An interesting: addition would have been a list of spe- American Pern Society 129 cies whose type locality is in Virginia, and perhaps an- other list of those reaching 'a range-limit in the state. These can be added in a future reissue, which is implied in the text as a possibility. And when preparation of a new edition is undertaken, one hopes that the regret- tably numerous misprints will be corrected. One often repeated consists in attributing to R. C, Benedict speci- mens collected in Loudoun and Rappahannock counties by J. E. Benedict, Jr.; but there are others in personal, geographical and botanical names. — E. T. "\Yherry. American Fern Society r r Members can aid the Society financially and acquire much interesting literature for themselves by purchasing back numbers of the Journal, an ample supply of which is on hand. They may be bought in almost any quantity or combination desired — for instance, a full set of the Journal can gradually be built up by orderiiig one or more back volumes with each year's dues. New ilEMBEES Mrs. Wm". A. Barnes, 2645 Edgewood Eoad, Utica 3, New York Mrs. K. T. Broadley, P. 0. Box 1260, Honolulu, T. H. Pi'of. G, jSTeville Jones, University of Illinois, TJrbana, Illinois Mrs. Vera McClure, Dream Hill Eanch, Ethelsville, Alabama Mrs. Mary Siebold, 333 Roosevelt Ave., Pomona, California Mr. George E. Zink, Brooks School, North Andover, Massachusetts Changes of Address Miss Harriet E. Baker, 1927 Buckingham Eoad, Los Angeles 16, California. Mr. Geo. E. Proctor, 140 West Main St., Newark, Delaware Mr. Wm. F. Eapp, 203 East Green St., Champaign, Illinois f Index to Volume 34 Acrostichum auroum, 29 Adder's-tongue, 95 Adiantum, 49, 104; Capillus-Ve- neris, 46, 100; conciiinum, 122; Jordanii, 42, 44; tetraphylluin, 122 Allen, Walter S. Report of the Auditing Committee for 1943, 66 American Fern Society, 30, 66, 98, 129 Anderson, J. r. Flora of Alaska and Adjacent Parts of Canada, Part I (Review), 64 Anemia, 102; anthriscifolia, 41, 47 Angiopteris evecta, 10, 11 Annotations on West American Ferns— III, 107 Another Occurrence of the Ap- parent Hybrid Cystopteris, 125 Antrophyum alatum, 8 Aspidium argutum, 108. 109 ; Bluckwellianum, 97; crinitum, 97; distans, 97; munitum, 108; parallelogrammum, 97; oreop- teris, 107, 117; patentissimum, 97; rigidum, 109, var. argutum, 109; Wallicbianum, 97 Asplenlum Gravesii in Virginia, 61 Asplenium, 49; auritum, 122; t)i- pinnntifidum> 8 ; Bradleyi, 61, 62; Gravesii, 61, 62; laserpitii- folium, 9; lunulatum, 122; mon- tanum, 62; nidus, 8; Palmeri, 39, 40, 41; pinnatitidum, 61, 62; platyneuron, 62, 93 ; remotum, 8; resiliens, 47; septentriouale, 44; Trichoma nes, 62, 93 Athyrium, 107; acrostichoides, 24; esculentum, 7, 29; Filix-femina, 107, 108, 115, var. complicatum. 107, var. cyclosorum, 65; me- lanocaulon, 7; tripinnatifiduni, 7 Azolla, The New World Species of, 69 Azolla, 43, 102, 121; arbuscula, 81; bonariensis, 77 ; caroliniana, 70, 71, 73. 74. 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84 ; cnstata, 83 ; densa, 81 : tilicu- loides, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, var. rubra, 77, 78; magellanica, 77; mexicana, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83; mi- crophylla, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 80, 82, 83, 84, 123 ; portoricensis, 74, 75, 77; rubra, 77; squamosa. 77 Hartley, Floyd. Bradley's Spleen- wort in Ohio, 62 Billhigton. Cecil. Shrubs of Mich- igan (Review). 63 Blechnum, 65; capense, 12; occi- dentale. 122; orientale. 9; Pat- ersonii, 12; Spicant, 50, 51. 115; volubile, 103 Bommeria hispida, 25 Botrychiura boreale, 65; tum, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59. var. obliquum, 56, 57, 60, var. oneidense, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, subsp. typicum, 60; lanceolatum, 65; Lunaria, 65, 99; multitidum, 55, 57, 58, 59, subsp. robustum, 65, subsp. silaifolium, 60, 65 ; onondagense, 99; silaifolium, 65; ternatum var. oneidense, 55 Bracken, 28 Bradley's Spleenwort in Ohio, 62 Brown, Roland W. A Climbing Fern from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming (Review), 96 Ceratopteris, 102; thalictroides, 28 Cheilanthes, 3, 25, 27, 49, 107; Brandegei, 42, 43 ; Kaulfussii, 41 ; Lindheimeri, 41 ; peninsu- laris, 42; Pringlei, 41, 42; vis- cida. 108; Wrightii, 41 Cinnamon Fern, 94, 95 Clausen, Robert T. On the Status of Botrychium dissectuni var. oneidense, 55 Collecting Ferns in Northwestern Mexico, 37 Culcita straminea, 9 Cyathea lunulata, 4, 6, 7 ; propin- qua, 7 Cystopteris Bluff, 92, 125 Cystopteris bulbifera, 94, fragilis. 67, 94, 125, 126, 126, 127 ; 127. var. 93, dissec- 60. 128. 130 genuina, 93, var. laurentiana, y^, var. Mackayii, 93, 126, 127. var. protrusa, 92, 127 Danaea. 102 Davallia fejeensls, 8 Dicranopteris, 63, 101, 103; flex- uosa, 23 Didymochlaena truucatula, 9 Diplazium lonchophyllum in Lou- isiana, 21 Diplazium denticulosum, 21; lon- chophyllum, 21, 22, 23 Dipteris conjugata, 12 Distribution of Equisetum in >ew Jersey, 51 . . oa- Doryopteris, 25, 26; decipiens. Jb, decora, 26; nobilis, 27: palmata. 27; pedata, 27, var. multipartita, 27. var. palmata, 27; Baddiana, 27 Drynaria rigidula, 8 .. Dryopteris, 7, 107, 128; arguta, 44. 108, 109, 110. Ill, f. b^-lla. 111. 112, f. cristata. 111. 112. t. ^oe- culosa. 111, 112, f. nudata. 111. 113; austriaca, m; Borreri, 97, dilatata, 66, 115; disjuncta, ^a . Feei. 46; Filix-mas, 97, 11-1,11^' 116 ; Filix-mas x oreopteris, Ip » fragrans, 66; fusco-atra. 97; Lin- naeana. 65 ; niediterranea, »' » oreopteris, 66. 116, 117, var. hes- peria, 116; paleacea, 97; patens. ; I I ( I Index to Volume 34 131 122; Toiteana, 122; rigida. 108. 109, 110; suhtetragona, 122; The- lyptoris var. puhescens, 116 Dwarf Chain-fern, 128 ■ Eyuisetuni in New Jersey, 51 Equisetum, 29, 51, 107 ; alas- kaniim, &4 ; arvense, 53, 54; bo- gotense, 106; fluviatile, 53, 54; Punstonii, 38; giganteum, 105, 106, hyeniale, 54, var. affine, 54; limosum, 28, 54; litorale, 53, 54; pahistre, 51, 119. var. ameri- canuni, 53, 54, 119; pratense, 53; prealtum, 53, 54, A^ar. affine, 53. 54; robustum var. affine, 54; syl- vaticuin, 53, 85, 86, 87. 88, 89, 91. var. multiramosuni, 85, 86, 87, 88. 90, 91, 92, var. pauciramo- sum, 85, 88. 90, 91; telmateia f. serotinum, 120 ; varlegatum subsp. alaskanum, 64 Ewan, Joseph. Annotations on West American Ferns— III. 107 Fagley, Frederick L. Report of the Auditing Committee for 1943, 66 Fassett, Xorman C. Mass Collec- tions : Eituarv: Gruber, Calvin L.. 67; Ransier, Hubert Earl. 99 Oleandra Parksii. 12 On the Status of Botrychlum dis- sectuni van oneidense, 55 Ophioglossum. 104; ellipticuni, 9o. 96 ; reticulatum, 95, 96 Orthiopteris, 15 Osmunda. 12; cinnamomea f. au- riculata. 98. f. cornucopiaefolia, ^, f. incisa. 98; Spicant. 50. 51 Ostrich Fern, 28 New Note Pellaea, 25, 27, folia. 44; Ion mucrouata, 44 44; Seeniannii. Phanerophlebia. 39, 40 I*itvrogranuna. 25, 44, 113 Poiypodium. 98; onense, 122 ; 49; andromedae- gimucronata, 45 ; , 45; ornithopus, 41; ternifolia. 41 49 ; auriculata, 49 ; triangularis, accedens, 8; bala- californicum, 44; 132 American Fern Journal lanceolatum, 17, 18, var. trich- ophoruiii, 18; lepidopteris, 122; liuguuefonne, 8; masafuerae, 63 ; peltatum, 17, 18, var. interjec- tum, 17, 18; polylepis, 17; poly- podioides, 127 ; tuberosum, 25 ; virgiiiianum, 127, 128, f. cam- bricoides, 24; vulgare, 44 Poiystichum, 107, 117; aculeatum, 117 ; Andersoni, 116 ; Brauiiii var. Purshii, 120; Brannii var. Furshii x Lonohitis. 116, 120; Dudleyi, 117 ; Liemmoni, 119 ; Louchitis, 120; inolirioides, 119; munitum, 112, subsp. nudatuiu, 111; scopulinuni, 110 Psilotum, 101 ; nudum, 105 Pteretis, 65 Pteridium, 65; aquilinurn, 3, 103, var. lunuginosuni, 65, var. pu- bescens, 65; cretica, 23; palmata, 26; pedata, 26 Rapp, William F., Jr. The Dis- tribution of Equisetum in New Recent Fern Literature, 25, 63, 96, 127 Reminiscences of Fern Collecting in Fiji, 1 Report of Auditing Committee, 66; of Judge of Elections, 36 ; of President, 30; of Secretary, 32; of Treasurer, 33 Reviews; Anderson, J. P. Flora of Alaska and Adjacent Parts of Canada, Part I, 64; Billington, Cecil. Shrubs of Michigan, 64; Brown, Roland AV. A Climbing Fern of the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming, 06 ; Fernald, M. L., & A. C. Kinsey. Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North Amer- ica, 28; Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, & Anne WoUack. Biological Accumulators of Aluminum, 29; Looser, G. Coleccionando Hel- echos en el VolcAn Osorno (sur de Chile), 63, Los Locali- dades de los Tipos de los llele- chos Cliilenos, I'rimera Adicion, 6.'^, Xueva Localidad cerca de Antofagasta del Helecho Poly- podium masafuerae Philippi, 63 ; Massey, A. B. The Ferns and Fern Allies of Virginia, 128; Merrill, E. D. Emergency Food Plants and Poisonous Plnnts of the Islands of the Pacific, 28; Rothmaler, Werner. Ueber Dry- opteris paleacea (Svvartz) Iland.- Mazz., 97; Shaver, Jesse M. The Filmy and Polypody Ferns in Tennessee, 127; Tryon, R. M., Jr. A Revision of the Genus Doryopteris, 25 Rothmaler, Werner. Ueber Dry- opteris paleacea (Swartz) Hand.- Mazz. (Review), 97 Salpichlaena volubills, 103 Salvinia, 69; Azolla, 82 Schizaea dichotoma, 9 Selaginella, 9, 49, 104; arizonlca, 49; Bigelovii, 45, 46, 49; eremo- phila, 43, 45, 49 ; erythropus, j23; Kunzeana, 123; rupincola, 41, 49 Selliguea feeioides, 12 Shaver, Jesse M. The Filmy and I*olvpody Ferns in Tennessee (Review), 127 Smith, A. C. Reminiscences of Fern Collecting in Fiji, 1 Smith, Mrs. Frank C. A Fern New to Worcester County, Massachu- setts, 24 Some Conspicuous Ferns or Northern South America, 101 Southern Variety of l*olypodium peltatum, 17 Stenochlaena palustris, 29 Struthiopteris, 65; Spicant, 50 Svenson, Henry K. A New Isoetes from Ecuador, 121; New World Species of Azolla, 69; Report of the Treasurer for 1943, 33 Swamp-fern, 28 Syngrannna pinnata, 9 Tectaria latifolia, 7 Tree-fern, 28, 102, 105 Trichomanes apiifolium, 1^ . Boschianum, 127, 128; elegans, 103; Haughtii, 19. 20; hymeno- phylloides, 20; omphalodes, U: Petersii, 127, 128; pyxidiferum, 20; scandens, 20 , Tryon, R. M., Jr. A Revision ot the Genus Doryopteris (Re- view), 25 . , , z^- Two Ferns New to Trinidad, 9a Urostachys lucidulus, 29; Selago, 29 VaginuUiria paradoxa, 8 Vandenbosehia, 20 Vittaria scolopendrina, 8 Wii gner, Warren Herbert, Jr. Another Occurrence of the Ap- parent Hybrid Cystopteris lio. Two Ferns New to Trinidad, 90 AValking-fern, 99 . f +1ip Ware, Robert A. Report of tne Judge of PHections, 36 Water-fern. 69 . i. fh*^ AVeatherby, C. A. Report of the President for 1943, 30; A South- ern Variety of Polypodiuin pei- t'ltum, 17 ^ ^ .^^itt W^herry, Kd^ar T. CystoP^en^ ■Bluff, 92: Note on .the South eastern Relatives of Lycopo- dium inundatum, 24; Osmun hi cinnamomen f. cornucopiuetoiu, Whitney, Elsie G. Report of the Secretary for 1943, 32 ^^rn^ Wiggins, Ira L. Collecting Ferns in Northwestern Mexico, ^7 Woodsia, 49; oregana, 44; Pioi" merae, 41 . - ^ u. W^oodwardia, 128; fimbriata. 4^. 46; radicans, 44 I THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB tM: :ii: luclodlng Bnlletdn, Memoirs, and Torreya^ $5.00 a year P17BIJ0ATI0NS Bulletta. Monthly, except July, August and September; estab- lished 1870. Price $6.00 a year; single numbers 75 centa. Torreya. Bimonthly; established 1901, Price $1.00 a year. 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De It : F, Brooklyii Br»tanic Garden lOGO Washington Ave.. Brooklyn, N. Y, U. S. A. amoosc Colfectins Equipment an eroanym u ppli es F«m Trowtif ♦ Field Piclef Hand Lenses # Plant Presist oliecflng Gi«i # Driers Geniit Ccven # tAountlng Ptpen tfid Snjidrlei ♦ ♦ # f ^ ^ To'dmy, fcsr Your Copy of FREE CATALOG F-91 J G^MBOSCO SCIENIiFIC CO., BOSTON, ifAl*». '1- I Ammran ^nn Journal A QUABTEELY DEVOTED TO FERNS Published by the AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY j^ EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C. V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS A* VOLUME 35 19 4 5 LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA o N CONTENTS Volume 35, ISTumber 1, Pages 1-32, issued April 11, 1945 A Nevr Fern Genus from Mexico and Guatemala F. Ballard 1 Pern Hunt in Puerto Rico TF. E. Wagner, Jr. 4 Hybrids of the Eastern North American Subspecies of Ly- copodium complanatum and L. tristachyum, Bohert T. Clausen 9 IS^ew Tropical American Ferns — XV William i?. Maxon 21 Fern Names in Bartram's ''Travels/^ 1791 E, D. Merrill 23 Recent Fern Literature 25 American Fern Society 27 Volume 35, Number 2, Pages 33-64, issued Jult 11, 1945 Elizabeth Billings and Her Fern Garden Elsie M. Kittredge 33 Observed Characteristics of Botrychium multifidum var. oneidense W. L. Bix 37 Schizaea pusilla from Ontario Euhert H. Brown 40 Eern Collecting in Southern Costa Rica Alexander F. Slcutch 41 A New Species of Isoetes from Colombia C. F. Morton 48 Campyloneurum phyllitidis in Southern Florida. Alex D, Haicl-es 50 Shorter Notes: Abundance of Selaginella in Oklahoma; Tlie Earliest Collection of Onocleopsis; Pteris multifida in Texas; The Indumont of Cystoptcris fragilis; Two Chilean Pteridophy tes of Commercial Importance ; Further Suggestions for the Utilization of Bracken in Great Britain ; New Stations for Equisetum laevigatum f. proliferum .„ 52 Recent Fern Literature ■ 57 American Fern Society 64 VoLu^tfE 35, Number 3, Pages 65-96, issued September 11, 1945 Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern Hybrids, Ealpli C. Benedict 65 I'erns on Pacific Island Coconut Trees W. H. Wagner, Jr. 74 Some Nomenclatural Changes in the Genus Isoetes. Clyde F. Beed 77 "Valid Names in the Gleieheniaceae Harold St. John 87 Some Notes on Arizona Ferns Walter S, PJiiJUps 90 Shorter Notes: Notes on Illinois Pteridophytes ; Northwestern Limits of Cystopteris fragilis var. laurentiana 92 American Fern Society „ ', - 93 Volume 35, ISTumbkr 4, Pages 97-140, issued December 17, 1945 Ferns and Fungi John A, Stevenson 97 A Crested Form of the Broad Beech-fern Clyde F. Beed 104 Recent Range Extensions of Botrjchium matricariaefolium, G. B. Fessenden 105 A Unique Habitat for Maidenhair Spleenwort. Alton A, Lindsey 109 Sources of the Fern Flora of Colorado Joseph Ewan 114 Shorter Note: Our Most-renamed Native Fern 128 Recent Fern Literature 129 American Fern Society : Carl Christensen ; Constitution of the Society 131 Index to Volume 35 137 Vol. 35 January-March, 1945 No. 1 Amematt l^nn Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS PttWftb«a hy tlw AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY j^ EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C. V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS ii# CONTENTS A New Fern Genus from Mexico and Guatemala Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico W. H. Wagnes., Jb. 1 4 Ferns th American Subspecies of and L. tristachyum BOBEBT T. CLAUSSN XV. WWuLAU S. MAXOX 9 Recent Fern Literature Meesiu:, -'■ ■ P ■ « ** »B1*L^-fr4# ^ ^ I 4 h***-^-^*'**"* tiH»-»-*»*"**"*-^ »4rt ^ lean Fern ^+*#rt^*ft* r*i»T»fc*i 1^*4- T**'-^ >.»*W^-#^ H -t***P ■>^*****^***' 27 ANNUAL SUBSCRIFHON. IL25; FORHGR 1135 J^' QUEEN ST, AND McGOVERN AVE, LANCASTER, PA. BROOKLYN^ NEW YORK anA^^ *-«:- ^ secosd-class matter at tft^pcr* *«<» at Lwamart^. ««^er the Act of March 3, 187'^ ---^^ -^r- -^ T-^.aaal«i!« at iHth«?J ^^g^ provided for^,*«cdtoa 11^, AM jf Octj!^^r, % .^ Jt 191T. f^ \ ^ APR 1 •irf- "? ,*y^ — d>h^- -"* ^^^r. 1 J -L"-d— lUT^ ®hr mtxxtun 3f]eru BtttUt^ (ttottnril fat 1 944 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR De, Frederick L. Fagley, 287 Fourth Ave., New York 10, N. T. President Joseph Ewan, University of Colorado, Boiilder, Colorado Vice-President Mas. Elsie Gibson Whitnjst, 274 South Main Ave., Albany, N. T. Secretary Heket K. Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y. Treasurer William B. Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C. Editor-^n-Chief OFFICIAL ORGAN Amrrtran 3Frru iaurual EDITORS William E. Maxon Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D, C R C. Benedict.-. 1819 Dorchester Eoad, Brooklyn 26, N. Y C. V. MOBTOX Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C Iha L. WiGGma Dudley Herbarium, Stanford Univeraity, Calif An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns. Subscription, $1^5 per year, foreign, 10 cents extra; sent free to members of the AMEBICAN FBBN SOCIETY (annual dues, $L50; life membership, $25.00). Extracted reprints, if ordered in advance, will be furnished authors at cost. They should be ordered when proof is returned* Volume I, six numbers, $2.00 ; other volumes $1-25 each. Single back numbei^ 35 cents each. VoL I, No. 1 ; roL III, nos. 2, 3 and 4; and vcriL IV, no* 1, cannot be supplied except with complete viumes. Ten per cent discount to members and institutions on orders of six rolumes or more. Matter for publication should be addressed to William B- Maxon, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C- Orders for back numbers and other business commimicationa diould be addressed to the Treasurer of the Society. LmRAR.AN Miss Hsstes M. B0SK, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. T. cu OR OF THH HERBAR ■ ' - % < ^ ^ Hester N. Y Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn A r^g^- ar loan department is maintained in connection with I3ie Steeiety herbarium. Members may borrow specimens from ^ *^ any time^ the borrower paying all postal or expr^ charge. The pages of the jQurr::! ar - also open to members who wish to arranfe ; a members^p Hst is pubHshed to further^ assist those in obtaining specimens from different lo«lities. ■i ■H V -rJ ^ ^ ' ^kl"- ^ ^ 7 •■'^ ^dUi^ ^^m Atttmran ^nn Journal Vol. 35 January-^^Iarch, 1945 No. 1 *^ A New Fern Genus from Mexico and Guatemala F. Ballard Onocleopsis F. Ballard, gen. iiov. Genus Polypodiacearum, subfam. Onocleoidearum. Rliizoma crassum. Frondes dimorphae ; f rondarum sterilium laminae pinnatae, nervis copiose anastomosanti- biis lis Onocleae sensihilis similibns; frondarum fertilium laminae redactae, segmentis ultimis subglobosis soros biuos includentibus ; sori solitarii, terminales; indusium squamiforme. Onocleopsis Hintonii F. Ballard, sp. nov. Rliizoma ereetum, crassum, breviter repens vel sub- erectum ; paleae pallide brunneae, concoIoreSj lanceolatae vel anguste lanceolatae, eaudato-acuminatae, usque ad 1.5 cm. (vel ultra) longae, 3 mm. latae. Frondes steriles ^sqiie ad 1.4 m. longae (usque ad 2.5 m. longae ex sched.) ; stipites usque ad 33 em. (vel ultra) longi, straminei vel brunneo-straminei, laeves, basi paleacei; laminae ambitu anguste ellipticae, basin apicemque versus sensim an- gustatae, pinnatae, apiee pinnatifidae ; pinnae sessiles, ligulatae vel lanceolatae, apiee subcaudato-acuminatae, basi truncatae vel eordatae, marginibus grosse crenatae, crenaturis tenuiter serratis, supra glabrae, subtus secus Servos pilis brevibus pallidis sparse instructae vel gla- brescentes, usque ad 20 cm. longae, 3.5 cm. latae; nervi copiose anastomosantes, venulis apiee liberis nullis. Frondes fertiles 1.25 m. longae; stipites 50 cm. longi, straminei vel brunneo-straminei, glabri, laeves, basi paleis obtecti; laminae 75 cm. longae, 13 cm. latae, tri- [Volume 34, No. 4 of the Journal, pages 101-132, was issued iNovember 30, 1944.] 1 2 American Fern Journal pinnatae, valde redactae; segmenta ultima ineurvata subglobosa, soros binos inehidentia ; sori solitarii ternii- iiales, apice veniilae liberae siti; indusium squamiforme, fugax; sporae ellipsoideae, virides, exosporio minutissime veiTuculoso praeditae. Type in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, KeAv, collected in a wet barranca at Los Hornos, District of Temascaltepec, State of Mexico, Mexico, at 2,550 meters elevation, February 20, 1933, by George B. Hinton (No. 3297) ; also in the same locality by G. B. Hinton, February 2, 1935 (No. 7228) and December 25, 1937 (No. 11211), Also represented in the U. S. National Her- barium, Nos. 1,807,817-9, collected in barrancas on the northAATstern slopes of Volcan Tajumuico, Dept. San Marcos, Guatemala, at 2,300 to 2,800 meters elevation, February 26, 1940, by Julian A. Steyermark (No. 36733). The occurrence of a third genus of Qnoeleoid ferns is of more than usual interest. Its discovery dates from 1933, Avhen a native collector employed by Mr. G. B. Hinton found it in Mexico (Hinton 3297). It was grow- ing in water and sand at 2,550 meters altitude in a bar- ranca, ''or rather little box canon, '^ about 3 meters wide. Dried specimens were sent to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; but although the fern was recognized as a novelty, the sterile and fertile fronds were difficult to reconcile, more especially as only the latter were attached to the rhizome. The late C. Christensen, when shown the speci- mens, also expressed doubts as to the relationship of the fronds. The matter was put at rest, however, when the anatomy of the stipes was examined. Both were found to possess the typical Qnoeleoid stelar structure as exem- plified by Matteuccia Struthiopteris (Bower, The Ferns, 3: 160, /. 6d5c). In the spring of 1935, Hinton visited the original local- ity himself but found a total of only seven plants (No. 7228), all in bad condition due to unusually heavy rams. In the following spring he sent the original collector to New Genus from ]\rExico and Guatemala 3 re-collect the plants but iniiiiiig operations had destroyeJ the habitat and the only two plants remaining were brought away alive. These were eventually sent to Kew, but as they were packed in wet charcoal and were a long time traveling they were quite dead on arrival. All efforts to stimulate the rhizomes to grow were unavailing. In 1937 Ilinton learned that specimens of the fern were still growing in the original habitat and he at once L ordered a fresh collection which was made in Deceziiber of that year (No. 11211). The discovery tliat Onocleopsis was not confined to Mexico was made as a result of a communication from Or. Maxon a short time ago, who forwarded portions of a fern collected by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark in Guate- mala on the Tajumulco Volcano. These were identical with the Mexican plants and were found growing under similar conditions and at a comparable altitude. Onocleopsis falls readily into line with its congeners, Onoclea and Matteuccia. Its leaf-fall is evidently sea- sonal, while its moist habitat is shared ^vith Onoclea. Its areolate venation is identical with that of Onoclea sen- sihilis; its tripinnate fertile frond an advance on Onoclea correlated with its much larger size. The lamina of the fertile frond completely envelops the sori, producing an efficient ''false indusium/' The true indusinm is present, though apparently only as a vestigial organ. In many sori examined it was difficult to find and in no case was it anything more than a small scale. As in Onoclea^ the spores are not provided with a perispore. The extension of this small subfamily so far to the south is but another indication of its presumed antiquity. Royal Bqtaxtc Gardens, Kew, Surrey, England. 4 Americax Fern Journal Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico AYarren Herbert Wagner, Jr. If you are an ^'Oh My! botanist'Mike me, you Avould get ready to say ''Oli, my!" Avhen you saw the ferns grow- ing on El Yunque Mountain. But nothing would come out: You would probably be dumbfounded, as I was. For nine years I have jumped ditches, slipped off rocks, and hopped from hummock to hummock in swamps, hunting for **rare and locals" among the ferns of the Northeastern States. But to stand in the dense woods of the Caribbean National Forest on the slopes of El Yunque and see for the first time tree trunks draped with weird tropical ferns, the ground covered with Selaghiella^ and stream banks lined with tree-ferns is a thrill not soon to be forgotten. As you fly northward along the eastern edge of the 90 by 35-mile island of Puerto Kico, you can see the ground rising a few miles inland to a series of peaks, some of them over 3,000 feet high. Almost invariably the tops are covered with haze or clouds caused by moist Atlantic air coming in with the prevailing easterlies and con- densing as it is pushed up the slopes. You see from the air the 'dark gray-green of heavy woods growing from the tops of the mountains to deep dow^n in the valleys of this range, called the Luquillo Mountains. I had heard of many ferns having been collected on El Yunque and Mount Britton, and I eagerly awaited a chance to go there. Many men in the Service have carried their interests with them, as I have, to their stations of duty. The pos- session of a hobby that can be pursued in off moments to break the monotony of the war job is a gift to those who have it, and natural history as a diversion is excellent m this war that takes men into strange lands all over the globe. In Cuba I met another flier who had made a fine Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico 5 collection of snails in his spare time. My own study of ferns kept me entertained in places that would offer noth- ing to a Service man not interested in nature. When I learned that the Navy would sponsor an outing to El Yunque, I jumped at the chance to go. From the bus loaded with sailors and officers, even be- fore we had left the city of San Juan I could see the The road, half-Avay up El Yunque. Here, along the road banks, Ophioglossum reiiculatum, Lycopodhim reflexinn, and Dicranopteris oifida are common. Liiquillo Mountains. I feared that it might rain on El Yunque, as it very often does. But when we arrived at the top of the steep, tortuous road to the Caribbean Na- tional Forest, I could see that the weather would be clear. To collect specimens I had provided myself with three paper bags. On the return trip they were bulging with ns — more A-s soon as the bus stopped at the El Yanque parking AiiEKicAN Fekx Journal VoLTJiiE 35, Plate 1 \ ) 1 t i f A Group of Cyathea arborea Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico 7 space, Avitliout further ado I set out to see the flora. My only disappointment was that there had been introduc- tions along the road of such plants as the varicolored Cole us of the greenhouse, Hibiscus^ and pot ferns. Some of the Cole lis and ferns had got a good start and spoiled the otherwise perfect appearance of the original rain- forest. Though it had not rained, everything was damj:). The humidity was like that of a greenhouse, but it was very cool. The first fern I examined was one I had seen on the way up the mountain, growing along the road in fairly open spots, sometimes alone. This, a common tree- fern, Cyathea arhorea, grew 20 feet tall along the stream that I chose for my first jaunt on the mountain. Plate 1 shows this species in another part of the island. As I went along the ravine I noticed that a good part of the ferns grew on the trunks of palms and other trees, and that in some places, especially in the crotches of large hardwoods, there were regular o:ardeiis of bromeliads and ferns. Here might be several species of Elaphoglossum, ^ genus that in this season (March to May) has the mad- dening habit of almost never producing fertile fronds. Numerous species of spleenwort and Polypodinm grew m these places, as well as a profusion of Lycopodiums, almost all of wiiich were pendent. One of these, L. funifonne, looked exactly like so much green rope hang- ing from the crotch of a tree. In addition to these epiphytic genera, I found Cheiroglossa, Hymenodmm, ^hipidopteris, Anethnn^ Vittariaj Paltonium^ CocJilid- '^nm, Pohjhotrya^ Oleandra^ NephrolepiSy Trichomanes, and Bymenophyllum. Most of these I didn't know or i-ecognize at the time, but I keyed them out in ''The Pteridophyta of Porto Rico'' by AVilliam R. Maxon and ^as frankly surprised to find how simple it was to iden- tify so many fern strangers to the genus and species. When you collect in a tropical rain-forest you have to learn to keep vour line of sight directed up as well as 8 American Fern Journal doAvn, or you'll miss a lot of things. If you look on the ) ground and the banks of the cold, sparkling mountain streams, you get an entirely different set of plants. Here are such genera as Ophioglossum (in exposed gravelly spots), Danaea, Bicranopteris, CyatJiea, Hemitelia, Dory- opteris^ Anisosorus^ Pteridiiim^ PteriSy Ilemionitis, J)i- plazium, Hemidictyum, more Asplenium^ Strufhiopteris, Fadyema, Polystichum, Dryopteris^ Tectaria, Lindsaea^ more Trichomanes and Hymenophylhim, and Selaginella; some around rocks^ some in A\'etter, some in drier places each with its ovm preference. The juvenile plants of Banaea elliptica growing on the wet ground among roots and rocks were beautifully iridescent, different fronds having bluish, purplish, or vivid greenish colors. Sometimes it was hard to tell whether a plant belonged to the epiphytic or terrestrial class. Anetium citrifolium on El Yunque can be found either on low wet rocks or on tree trunks, while Struthiopteris polypodioides grows from ground level to 8 or 10 feet high on the trunk of a tree, Hyn odium crinitum are mostly half-hearted epiphytes that rarely perch more than five feet from the ground, most of those that I saw being in fact right at the ground level at the base of large trees. Altogether, on this trip and another^ I got 115 different species on the slopes of El Yunque, and these in an area of perhaps six square miles. There were many that I missed, such as Psilogramme portoricensisy which is an endemic at the top of El Yunque, but I considered my series the spoils of a red-letter day. After I keyed the species, I pressed them in ordinary newspapers by put- ting them between the mattress and the springs of Hiy bed. I had tried this before on another island of the Caribbean and found it to be a fine method. That time there was a Lieutenant somewhat heavier than myself Lycopodium Hybrids 9 Avlio submitted to sleeping on my finds — glad, he said, to make some contribution to science. I had one specimen which was very tongh, so I put it under the rug in the hope that people walking on it might flatten the leaf-tissue out. The next day I was surprised to find it gone. AYhen I asked about it, the native Puerto Rican who cleaned up the room said he had thrown it awav. He then solemnly assured me that it couldn't have grown there anyway. ''This Ameri- cajio/^ he must have been thinking, ''is ready for an asylum. ' ' i A trip to El Yunque is an experience that a fern stu- dent used to the Northeastern States can hardly forget. This spot, so easily gotten to from San Juan, offers what amounts to an education in tropical ferns to those who r can get there for a hike. I'm grateful for my chance to see this rich fern flora. Washington, D. C. Hybrids of the Eastern North American species of Lycopodium complanatum : L. tristachvum Robert T. Clausen Whei tlie "Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin" (Memoir 92 of tlie Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 1926), they had before them a collection of a puzzling Lycopodium from rich woods on the east bank of Duck Lake, Cayuga County, New York. This Avas the collec- tion of Eanies, Griscom, ^kletcalf, and Wright, no. 5444. In the ''Flora" it was listed under "L. complanatum rar. flajjelli forme/' but said to resemble typical L. com- planatum, though possibly only a shade form. Out- standing features of the specimens comprising this col- lection are the lax habit, the type of growth by elonga- 10 American Fern Journal tion of the branchlets, the spreading tips of the lateral leaves, the elongate narrow ventral leaves, and the sub- terranean rhizomes. In all these respects the plants flahellif yy The only detail of resemblance \Yith that variety is the flattened condition of the lateral stems, but even these are narrower. Portions of stems and leaves of Lycopod'ium irisiacliyum (A), L, complanatum subsp. fldbdliforme y L, trLtachyum (B), and L. complanatum subsp. flahellif orme (C). Drawings by E. M. Abbe. On March 26, lOW, while walking in woods on the east slope of the northernmost of the Caroline Pinnacles, in Tompkins County, Xew York, and in the drainage area of Caynga Lake, I noticed a few small colonies of a Lyco^ podimn which seemed at once distinctive because of the spreading habit of the lateral leaves and the subterranean rhizomes. Clearly this could not be typical ''L. com- Lycopodium Hybrids 11 planatum var. flahelliforme/^ Close inspection revealed that the ventral leaves, instead of being deltoid-attenuate ftahellif^ Also the lateral branelilets exhibit annual constrictions, sho^vinp: that growth has proceeded by elongation of these stems. As my walk continued, I saw hundreds of plants of ''var. flahelliforme/^ often in great patches, also some L. oh' scnriim and one plant of L. lucidulum. The peculiar club-moss was none of these, nor did it seem to be L. tristacJiynm^ which is usually glaucous and with ap- pressed leaves. Trying to account for the strange plant, I must admit that I entertained the thought that it might be a hybrid of ^^L. complanatum var. flabelliforme^^ and L. ohscurum or perhaps a peculiar variation of L. sabinae- folium. Study of specimens in the herbarium of Cornell Uni- versity revealed that the collection from Duck Lake and the plants from Caroline Pinnacles are good matches for each other. Also there are similar specimens from other localities in New York, North Carolina, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The perplexing nature of these is suggested by the names on their labels. Though essentially similar, they have been identified variously as ^'Lycopodium (^orn planatum/^ "L, complanatum var. flabelliforme ^nd ''L, tn'stachyitm/^ Yet they are not exactly the same as any of these. Actually they combine the char- acteristics of ^^L. complanatum var. flabelliforme^^ and L, tristachyum. Here w^as a puzzle which required solu- tion. Two explanations appeared possible : Either the plants constituted a distinct A^ariety associated with one ^^ the other of the two species common in eastern North ^^^merica or they were hybrids. The strange specimens are not Dr. House's Lyco- podium Habereri, described originally from rich soil in the shade of hemlocks on the town line between Hartford ^nd Kirkland. Onpirla r!miTiH^ Npw York. J. r. Haberer yy r 1 cc !> o ;2; < r I I ■s^ at t- « ^ •1^ o 01 Ji o -a to -2 -.i 5 c; o c 5 >^ 1 - -l^r^.^ iy***-g"r ywm? w>!diw -r^!.^^c:yr ^yg^Hv Lycopodium Hybrids 13 no. 3022, An isotype of this, available in the Cornell herbarium, has the aspect of ''L. complanatum var. flahelliforme/' but some of the lateral branchlets are indeterminate and a few of the lateral leaves have spread- ing tips. Dr. House^ oriainallv described the lateral Hah In this respect and in the condition of the lateral branchlets, the Caroline plants and L. Hahereri are similar. In other details there is disagreement. L, Hahereri has very small, almost obsolete, ventral leaves, whereas those of the Caroline specimens are well developed, 2 mm. long, and subulate as in L. tristachyum. Also, the Caroline plants are more lax, with a higher percentage of the branchlets indeterminate, Frere Marie-Yictorin^ reduced L. Hahereri to varietal status under L. tristachyum. He concluded that it has more characteristics in common with L. tristacJiyum than with ''L, complanatum var. flahelliforme.'^ Yet, speci- mens from the type collection of L. Hahereri are nearer to *S^ar. flahelUforme/' A series of ten specimens in the United States National Herbarium, all representing Haberer's no. 3022, the type collection of L. Hahereri, are ' similar to ''i. complanatum var. flahelliforme'' with only a few branchlets indeterminate. The lateral leaves ai-e mostly as in '*var. flalyelliforme/' The type speci- men itself, preserved in the New York State Museum at Albany, likewise resembles ''var. flaheUiforme/' differing only in the tendency for a few of the branchlets to be indeterminate. A plant of this type is illustrated in Tryon et at, Ferns and Fern Allies of TVisconsin, p. 143. Since Marie-A^ietorin had referred L. Hahereri to varietal status under X. tristachyum, whereas my identification ^ould place it with '* var. flalelliforme/' I suspected that he too might have the strange plant which I had found on 1 Bun. N, Y. State Museum 176: 36. 1915. 2 Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Mont. 3: 51-55. 1925. \ i 14 American Fekn Journal ■ the slope of the Caroline Pinnacles. Study of 32 speci- mens of ^^L, tristachyum var. Hahereri^^ in the herbarium of the Institut Botaniqne in Montreal revealed that six are similar to the Lycopodium from Caroline Pinnacles, 23 are typical L. tristachyum^ one is typical L. com- planatum^ one is £( flahellif' }} and one is a mixture of L. tristachyum and "L. com- planatum var. flahelli forme/' The single specimen of *'L. complanatum, var. flabelliforme^' is the only one ^vhieh matches Dr. House's type of L. Hahereri, for a few of its branchlets are indeterminate. Further trips in the Cayuga Lake Basin resulted in the discovery of more plants like the ones on Caroline Pinnacles, Between April 1 and July 1, 1944, I found additional specimens at four different localities. In all cases the plants had subterranean rhizomes^ spreading lateral leaves, and indeterminate branchlets. No remains of old strobili Avere evident on any of the plants. The specimens appeared to be mature and well established. They cannot be explained as juvenile forms. Bather they seem intermediate betw^een L. tristachyum and *'X. complanatum var. flahelliforme/' The hybrid hypothe- sis w^as considered by Marie-Victorin, but he inclined to think that his specimens were more like L. tristachyum than ^'L, ftalelUforme/' a conclusion understandable after study of the specimens in the herbarium at Montreal. On July 1, 1944, while collecting in the hills near the headwaters of Six Mile Creek, in Drvdeu Township, Tompkins County, New York, I found ''L. complanatum var. flahelliforme/' L. tristachyum^ and intermediate plants all growing in close association. None of the intermediate plants had young strobili, though the ''var. flahelUforme^^ and L. tristachyum both had them. The branchlets were mostly indeterminate, but a few^ wer determinate. The growth of the indeterminate branch- a f iiUJ Lycopodium Hybrids « 15 4 lets appeared less than in L. tristachyum. These inter- mediate plants -were thriving in an open exposed situa- tion in the cut of a power-line which w^as constructed several years a^o. They had the appearance of being hybrids of ^^L. comvlanatum var. flab ell if trktachyum. Such hybrids are nothing new to report. Darling^ wrote about plants of this type at Hartland, Vermont and Winslow^ reported similar ones in Berk- shire County, Massachusetts. In Europe, Lindquist**^ described as ^'L, coniplanafnm var. intermedium^^ plants which he considered to be hybrids of typical L. com- planattim and L. tristachytim. The specimens which he illustrated appear more like L. tristachyum than a hy- brid, however. Porsild^ already has discussed Lind- quist*s publication and expressed doubt regarding the hybrid nature of his plants. The relationships of typical Lycopodium complanatum and Professor Fernald's *'var. flabelli forme'' require further discussion, Blanchard' elevated ''var. flahelli- forme'' to the rank of a full species in 1911. In doing this he indicated the distinctive characteristics of ^'L. flab elli forme'' — the determinate branchlets, the fanlike appearance of the branches when pressed, the four or five strobiles, the long peduncles (about 7 cm. long), and the superficial rhizomes. According to him, L, complanatum is to be distinguished by its indeterminate branchlets, its branches not appearing fanlike when pressed, one to three strobiles, shorter peduncles (3-5 cm. long), and underground rootstoeks. Several recent botanists have shared Blanchard 's views, among them Marie-Victorin and Wherry. Certainly, extreme plants of the two kinds 3AMER. Fern JorRx. 2: 49-53. 1912. ^ Amer. Fern Journ. 3: 14-15. 1913. ^ Bot. I^otiser 1929: 89-98. ^ Medd. om Gr0nl. 93: 9-10. 1935. ^fiiiodora 13: 1C8~171. 16 A:MERicA]sr Fern Jourxal are readily distinguishable, but not all are extreme. Be- fore me is a suite of nine specimens from localities in NeAvfoundland, Ncav BrunsAvick, northern Maine, north- ern New Yorkj Michigan, and Minnesota. All are inter- mediate in the characteristics just cited for separatin the supposed species. If ^xe use the indeterminate branch- lets as the sole criterion, all are typical i. complanaium; but already Ave haA^e noted that L. Haheref% Avhich in other details is typical ^S^ar. flahelliforme/^ has some branchlets indeterminate. Of the nine intermediates, fiA^e haA^e four or more strobili, tAVO haA^e the peduncles 7 cm. long or more, tAA^o have superficial rootstocks, fiA'e have the branches someAvhat fanlike, but all have the branchlets indeterminate. Study of thousands of plants of ''L. flabelUforme'' on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau reveals that the branchlets are almost ahvays deter- minate. Less than half of one per cent of the branch- lets are indeterminate. The strobili, hoAA'CA^er, may be as fcAV as tAvo and the peduncles as short as 3,5 cm. The rootstocks are usually on the surface. In the condition of the branchlets and rootstocks, the population of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau, in fact of the entire Appa- lachian Highlands south of Xcav England, is reasonably constant. Also the tendencies for the strobili to be four or more on a peduncle and for the peduncles to be 6 or more centimeters long are marked. Yet in the northern part of the Xcav England geographical province, in the Adirondack Mountains, and in the northern part of the Central LoAvland, transitional specimens occur. Whereas flahellif 9f rarely produce strobili, the transitional specimens be- tAveen i. complanatum and ''L. flabeUiforme^' produce strobili as commonly as do typical plants of either sup- posed species. Apparently there is no genetieal incom- patibility betAveen Z. complanatum and '^L. flahelh- forme/' Avhereas there is some incomnatibilitA^ between Lycopodium Hybrids 17 "L. flahelUforme'^ and L, tristachijum. This refutes Blancliard's idea that ''L. flalelUforme'' is as distinct from Z. comphnatum as is Z. tristachyum. Yet '^i. faheUifonne'^ and L. complafiatum do differ from each other in a tangible Avay. The differences are greater than those which are usually employed for separating^ varieties. They are clearly of as great importance as those between Botrychium lanceolainm snbsp. typkum and subsp. angustisegmentum. Professor Fernald, in liandling these rather similar cases, has treated the east- ern American Botrychium as a species^ but the Lyco- podium as a variety. The evidence suggests that both ought to be treated similarly. Accordingly, the following new combinations are necessary : Lycopodium complanatum L. subsp. complanatum (L.) Clausen, stat. nov. Based on L, complanatum L. Sp. P1.2: 1104. 1753. Lycopodium complanatum L. subsp. flabelliforme (Ferna]d) Clausen, stat. nov. Based on Lycopodium complanatum var. flabelliforme Fernald, Rhodora 3: 280. 1901. Synonyms are L. flabelliforme (Fernald) Blanch- ard, Rhodora 13: 168. 1911; L. Habereri House, BulL >^. Y. State Mns. 176: 36, 1915 ; and L, tristachtjnm var. Habereri (House) Vict., Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal 3: 5L 1925. The subspecies complanatum is the only variation of the species present in the western part of North America. In the East it occurs in the Laurentian Upland, in the northern part of the New England geographical province (including the maritime provinces of Canada and north- ern ^Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont), and the Tug- Hill portion of the Appalachian Plateau (near Parkers, -Lewis Co., N. Y.) ; also in the extreme northern part of tlie central lowland in Wisconsin,® Intergrading speci- i^ens between snbsp. complanatum and subsp. fl^beUi- ® Tryon et ah^ Ferns and Fern Allies of Wisconsin, p. 141, 18 American Fern Journal Lycopodium Hybrids 19 forme are found in the New England Province, the Adirondack Mountains, and the northern portion of the Central Lowland, all areas in the periphery of the ranges of the two subspecies. The subspecies flalelliforme is distributed throughout the Appalachian Highlands, ex- cept in the northern part of the New England Province, and in the northern sections of the Central Lowland and Interior Low Plateaus. Tryon et aU also report it from northern Wisconsin, which is in the extreme southwest- ern part of the Laurentian Upland. Hj'brids of Lyco- podium complanatum subsp. flahelliforme and Lyco- podtum tristachyum occur occasionally in places where the two species grow together. These plants usually do iiot produce strobili. They are darker green than L. tri^t achy urn, the rootstocks are subterranean, the branch- lets are mostly indeterminate, the lateral leaves of the branchlets have spreading tips, and the ventral leaves are linear-subulate, 1.2-3 mm. long, intermediate between the condition in the two supposed parents. Experi- mental evidence supporting this hybridization hypothesis is lacking, but observational data suggest this explana- tion. Besides the published records of Darling from Hartland, Vt., and Winslow from Berkshire Co., Mass., specimens appearing like hybrids of L. complanatum ^ubsp. flahelliforme and L. tristachyum are available as follows : Bois eleves a la Grosse-Isle, 40 miles au-dessous de Quebec, Aug. 28, 1922, Marie-Victorin 15179 (Mont.) ; ^amt-Jean-de-Matha, Co. de Joliette, Que., July 8, 1934, (jraiUhier 2340 (Mont.) ; Contrecoeur, Co. de Vercheres, Que, Aug. 5, 1932, David (Mont.) ; Bois de Filion, Co. de Terrebonne, Que,, Sept. 5, 1928, Marie-Victorin 28240 (Mont.); Piniere des Sulpiciens, Oka, Co. des Deux- Montagnes, Que., Aug. 24, 1927, Louis-3Iarie 29393 (Mont,) ; Rigaud, Co. de Vaudreuil, Que., July 15, 1934, tiohert 1171 (Mont.) ; sandy woods northwest of Tripoli, 9 Ferns and Fern Allies of Wisconsin, p. 141-142. 20 American Fern Journal Ma\' 1915, Burnham (CU) ; pine woods, Moreau, Saratoga Co., N. Y., Aug. 30, 1902, Burnham (CU) ; rich woods on east bank of Duck Lake, Caj^uga Co., N. Y., June 10, 1916, Eames, Griscom, Metcalf and Wright 5444 (CU) ; upper slope of Cornell woodlot. Carter Creek, town of Newfield, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Aug. 22, 1942, Muenscher 20485 (CU) ; east slope of North Pinnacle, Caroline Township, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Mar. 26, 1944, Clausen 6256 (CU) ; slope along tributary of Six Mile Creek 5 km. south of Dry- den, Tompkins Co., N. Y., April 2, 1944, Clausen 6258; slope north of Thatcher's Pinnacles, West Danby, Tomp- kins Co., N. Y., April 16, 1944, Clausen and Schuster 6260 (CU) ; Michigan Hollow, Tompkins Co.; N. Y., April 16, 1944, Clausen and Schuster (no specimen preserved) ; power-line cut on slope just west of meadow in which Six Mde Creek has its source, Dryden Tp., Tompkins Co., N. Y., July 1, 1944, Clausen 6345 (CU) ; Black Point, Canandaigua Lake, Ontario Co., N. Y., Sept. 18, 1913, Gardner (CU) ; Gainesville, Wyoming Co., N. Y., July 13, 1870, Jordan (CU) ; Cary, Wake Co., N. C, June 8, 1922, Wright, Wright, Harper and Pirnie 18 (CU) ; Mount Mitchell, Yancy Co., N. C, May 3, 1933, Randolph (CU) ; oak wood northeast of Sugarloaf Lake, Kalamazoo Co., Mich., June 30, 1935, Hanes 3775 (Clausen) ; and Camp Douglas, Wisconsin, July 25, 1890, Mearns 2 (CU). The differences between the subspecies of Lycopodiim complanatxim, L. tristachyum, and the hybrids of the two species may finally be summarized as in the accompany- ing table. For the loan of specimens used in the preparation of this paper I desire to express my appreciation to the curators of the following herbaria : Institut Botanique, Universite de Montreal, New York State Museum, and United States National Herbarium. Cornell UNrvERsiTT New Tropical American Ferns 21 ■k New Tropical American Ferns— XV^ William R. Maxon # i.^^^^^ Herewith are descriptions of two new ferns of the genera Olea7idra and Dennstaedtia, from the Andes of Colombia. The latter, whose pinnae somewhat resemble those of Saccoloma elegans Kaulf., is outstanding. Oleandra dura Maxon, sp. iiov. Rhizoma ereetum, lignosum^ 1 in. altum et ultra, sub- eomplanatum, ca. 5 mm. latum, parte inferiore niodice ramosum, dense adpresso-paleaceum, f>aleis imbricatis, lanceolato-subulatis, ca. 5 mm. longis, castaneis, paululo infra medium puneto affixis, laxe et tenuiter albido-cili- atis; phyllopodia 10-15 mm. inter se remota, obliqua, ca. 2 mm. longa; stipites graciles (1 mm. diam.), 7-20 mm. longi, olivacei, basi paleis castaneis curvatis ca. 2 mm. longis paucis primum praediti; laminae subcoriaceae vel rigide pergamentaceae, olivaceae, subglabrae, pleraeque 15-25 cm. longae, 2-3 cm. latae, lineares, deorsum in Dasm cuneatam subabrupte inequalateralem angustatae, apice longe acuminatae et caudatae, acumine ipso usque ad 3 cm. longo ; costa elevata, infra sub lente minutissime puberula et deorsum paree paleacea, paleis divaricatis, e basi subliastata subulatis, ca. 2 mm. longis, castaneis, deuticulato-eiliatis ; venae pleraeque prope basin f urcatae vel bifurcatae, ramis prope marginem callosam 23-30 per cm. ; sori medioercs, indusiis orbicularibus, 1 mm. diam., paree pubescentibus et ciliolatis. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,662,606, collected at summit of Cerro Uniir, Department of San- tander, Colombia, altitude about 1000 meters, August 11, 1934, by Oscar Haught (no. 1329). A single additional collection from Colombia is at hand : Near YillaTicencio, Intendeneia de Meta, June 1916, Bawe 251. Oleandra dura is related to 0. Lelimannii Maxon and O. pilosa Hook., which also have closely spaced vein- tranches. However, 0. LeJimannii differs notably in its ^ Published by penuission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 22 American Fern Journal long slender pliyllopodia, its narrow, strongly coriaceous, glabrons blades, and its glabrous indusia, and 0. pilosa is readily distinguished by its broader blades, which are pilose beneath and densely ciliolate, and it long-pilose indusia. Dennstaedtia arcuata Maxon, sp. nov. Rhizoma repens, parte praesente ca. 10 cm. longa et 8- 10 mm. diam. Folia pauca, fortasse 2 vel 3, inter se baud distantia, suberecta, saltern usque ad 1.4 m. longa ; stipites usque ad 65 em. longi, 5-7 mm. diam., opace brunnes- ceutes, primum tenuiter et miero'scopice puberuli, prope basin radices crassas etiam interdum novellam emittentes ; ™"^ae anguste oblongae, usque ad 75 cm. longae et 30 (40) cm. latae, apice longe acuminatae, basi paulum an- gustatae, 1-pinnatae, rhachibus stipitibus simillimis ; pin- nae nifra apicem gradatim angustatum pinnatifido-loba- tum utruique 10-12, alternae, obliquae, leviter falcatae, pleraeque subsessiles (basales subpetiolulatae, apicales semiadnatae), lineares, apicem versus acuminato-attenu- atae, basi latissime cuneatae vel rotundato-subtruneatae, iierbaceae, supra glabrae, subtus in costis inconspicue et mniutissmie primum puberulae; pinnae basales 12-14 cm, longae; pinnae mediales maxiraae 18-22 cm. longae, 2.5-3.5 cm. latae, basin versus interdum late crenatae vel undulatae; venae majores 20-25-jugae, obliquae, arcuatae, utrinque prominulae, pleraeque 3-5-furcatae, prope marginem apice hydathodis rotundatis vel ellip- ticis incrassatis terminatae; sori ambitu transverse ovales, ea. 2 mm. longi et 1.5 mm. lati, humiles, numerosissimi, contigui, linea continua marginem totam occupantes, pulviniformes, sporangiis numerosissimis receptaculo ca. 1 mm. longo transverse lineari-oblongo nigro nitido sitis ; mdusia pateriformia, textura menibranacea et colore ubique aequabilia, latere utroque vix emarginata, inter se connata, Integra. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, nos. 1,144,228 and 1,144,229, a complete frond collected in forest above La Cumbre, Department of El Valle, Colombia, altitude 1800 to 2100 meters, May 14-19, 1922, by E. P. KilHp (no. 5565). The following additional material has been studied : 4 Fern Names in Bartram's " Travels'' 23 Colombia: Alto Mercedes, Dept. El Valle, alt. 2,000 meters, Dryander 2446. La Eesina, Dept. Hnila, Juzep- czuk 6570. Peru: Hacienda Ballisteros, Pozuzo, Dept. Hiianuco, Bryan 674. 4 The present species is at once distinguished from other members of Dennstaedtia by its simply pinnate blades. The sori are terminal upon all the veinlets and are crowded against each other in a continuous marginal line, giving an evenly crenulate appearance to the pinnae. The outer half of the large, oval, saucer-shaped indusium is precisely like the proximal portion and is evenly joined to it at either side, contiguous indusia having in fact a common rim at this point. No other species of Denn- staedtia has the sori crowded together in an unbroken line throughout, the nearest approach being in Z>. grossa Christ, of Costa Rica and western Panama, a plant with huge bipinnate-pinnatifid fronds and suborbicular sori. Fern Names in Bartram's ''Travels," 1791 E. D. Merrill Doubtless some botanists will agree with Dr. Kickett that the binomials published in Bartram's ''Travels* be Botanical Nomenclature provides that names published in other than the binomial form in any post-Linnaean work serve to invalidate the binomials tliat are included. It is true that Bartram did publish two descriptions "^vithout binomials, utilizing pre-Linnaean descriptive sen- tences. However, I judge that Bartram 's intent was to follow the binomial system, because he used well in excess of 340 different binomials; and even where he proposed J Eickett, H. W, Legitimacy of names in Bartram 's '^Travels/' Whodora 46: 389-391. 1944. 24 American Fern Journal and described new species with short Latin descriptions, the first name being the generic one and the second the specific name, he sometimes used these as strict binomials elsewhere in his work. For those who may not agree with Dr. Riekett, attention is called to the following hitherto overlooked fern names, which do not occur in our stand- ard indices, Felix [Filix] scandexs Bartr. Trav. 41. 1791. ''Felix seaiidenSj perhaps a species of Trichomanes; the leaves are palmated, or radiated ; it climbs and roves about J on shrubs^ in moist ground." Broad River (Ogle- thorpe Co.), Georgia. In edition 2, p. 41 (1792), Felix was corrected to Filix. Pteris scaxdens Bartr. Trav. 478. 1791. ''Observed near Cambelton a very curious scandent Fern (Pteris scandens) rambling over low bushes in humid situations, the lower larger fronds wore digitated, or rather radiated, but towards the tops or extremities of the branches they became trifid, hastated, and lastly lanciolate; it is a delicate plant, of a yellowish lively green, and would be an ornament in a garden." Near Fayetteville, North Carolina. These two entries merely add to the synonymy of our eastern North American Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw. In spite of the fact that the Bartram descriptions are actually earlier than Bernhardi's, fortunately for the stability of nomenclature the former's specific name scaiulens is invalidated in Lygodium by Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw., the latter a widely distributed Old ^\^orld species. FiLEx [FiLix] OsMuxDA Bartr. Trav. 173. 1791. " : and here were great quantities of a very large and beautiful Filex osmunda, growing in great tufts or clumps.'' Northeastern Florida. Recent Fern Literature 25 This name is scarcely worthy of record^ as it is a nomen mulum. One suspects that Bartram intended to sp^ak of the '*large and beautfnl fern, Osmiinda''; but what- ever his intent, he actually published a binomiah Arnold Arboretum. 1 Recent Fern Literature An extensive investigation of the alkaloids present in species of Lycopodium is under way in the National Re- search Laboratories, Ottawa, Canada. During the past two years four papers on these have been published.^ Some taxonomic difficulty developed at the outset. "Workers in specialized fields of botany, such as ecology, cytology, and phytochemistry, rather naturally tend to feel that infra-specific entities or species segregated by confirmed ''splitters'' are of no interest to them. This attitude is, however, a mistake; for the variations in morphology on which the taxonomist bases his segregates are intimately related to the phenomena considered in these marginal lines of research. Much past work in the latter by specialists who were supercilious of taxo- nomic quibbling — and at times have not hesitated to say so — ^is accordingly of little value and will some day have to be done over. Fortunately in the present instance little reworking will be necessary. The plant studied in the first paper of the series was designated X. compla- natuni; then someone called the authors' attention to taxonomic segregation in this group, and in the third paper they note that what they had previously studied has now been reidentified as L. flahelliforme. They also ^Manske, Richard H. F., and "Leo Marion. Tte Allcaloids of ■Lycopodium species: I. Lycopodium complanatum L. Canadian JoTirn. Kesearch, Sect. B, 20: 87-92. 1942; III. Lycopodium annoti- Bum L., op. cit. 21: 92-96. 1943; IV. Lycopodium tristachyum l^Ursh. on. H+ oo. i^A ^c^AA . -m r ^'^.r.r^r,^^^^1Y^ nhspnrnm L.. oo. cit. 1-4 I / 26 American Fern Journal took steps to have the other plants chemically investi- gated determined by a recognized authority on modern taxonomy. Lycopodkim f.ahelUforme yielded 8 alkaloids, 6 of them new to science. One was lycopodine, which had been dis- covered 60 years before in European L. complanatnm ; another w^as nicotine, here reported for the first time in a pteridophyte. The latter alkaloid was found to be present also in Equisetum arvense. The same number of alkaloids w^ere obtained in L. annotinuniy but there were certain differences; the most abundant w^as a new^ compound, to w^hich the name an- notinine is given, while lycopodine was present in lesser amounts, and nicotine was not recognizable. In L. tristacliyum there were but 5 alkaloids, with lycopodine the principal one, along with some nicotine and minute amounts of three others, apparently new. fl f The last report covered in the present review^ concerned dendro This yielded lycopodine and one named obscurine, which had also been found in minor amounts in the earlier studied species; there was one not as yet named which had also been present in L. tristachyum^ and two new eomj^ounds different from those in any other species. Keports on additional species are promised. On read- ing these articles, the thought naturally occurred, Wouldn't it be interesting to have similar studies made on some of the intermediates between recognized species which have given taxonomists so much difficulty, and are usually ignored? But a restriction soon came to light: The amounts of material used in these studies ranged from 15 to 103 kilograms of dried plant. Alas, few of the critical infra-specific entities grow by the kilogram ! — E.T. Wherry. t American Fern Society 27 American Fern Society Report of the President for 1944 Because of continuing war conditions the Society has again had a quiet year. An attempt ^vas made to hold a meeting at Cleveland in September, in connection with the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence; but, as none of our officers proved able to attend and no one locally could be found to take charge of ar- rangements, the attempt Avas abandoned. The Journal, though somewhat reduced in size, has not suffered any decline in quality and has, as usual, supplied good, read- able, and well edited matter, varied enough to serve the different interests of our members. The Treasurer has been notified of a bequest of $1,000 to the Society by the late Miss Amy E. Lillibridge, long + a member. Such expression of confidence is indeed heart- enmg ; our one regret is that we cannot thank the donor. The Society ends the year in much better financial con- dition than at the beginning. This is the result of in- creased sales of back numbers of the Journal, accom- plished largely by Dr. Maxon's persuasive efforts. So f ai*, purchases have been mostly by institutions ; we are Jiow endeavoring to stimulate sales to individuals. As yet, it is too early to estimate results; but in any case, such sales cannot be expected to continue at the present, or any given, level, and are in the nature of a temporary expedient. In order to insure the permanent increase of income required to meet added expenses of printing, ^ore members are needed. An effort is now being made to obtain them, using the entire present membership as a committee of the whole for the purpose. So far, results have been encouraging, as noted in the Secretary's re- port, but again it is too soon for final appraisement. It 5s, however, eminentlv fitting and hopeful that the work 28 American Fern Journal will go on under the leadership o£ Dr. Fagley, Avho sug- gested the method being used. F There remains for me only the pleasure of acknowl- edging, with deep gratitude, the cordial, kindly, and effective support I have received from officers and mem- bers of the Society during my term of office. I extend to them all, and especially to my successor, confident good wishes for the future. C . A. AVeatiierbY; President Report of the Secretary for 1944 During the j^ear just closed the list of new members has been impressively large — ^thirty-four; but we have lost the same number, so the membership stands as at the beginning of 1944. This is, I believe, a record to be proud of in war-time. Eight of our members were lost by death, including two Life Members, Dr. Dow and Mr. Gruber. We shall miss, indeed, such long-time members as Mr. Burnham, who joined the Society in 1897, and Miss Corne and Mr. Ridlon, who came in the early nineteen hundreds. For many of you this will be remembered as the ''year of the late ballots.'' Shortly after the nominations were received, all ballots were posted at the same time in one- and-one-half cent open mail, according to usual proce- dure. Under normal circumstances they should have reached their destinations in aniple time to have the votes returned by the date indicated. Under the pressure of war-time duties and Christmas mail the postal service doubtless did its best. This experience, however, points the need for sending ballots by first-class mail, even at some additional cost for postage. Sincere thanks are extended to the many members who so generously cooperated in sending in the names of friends. The number who so contributed to the welfare American Fern Society 29 of the Society is too long to be covered by individual letters, but our appreciation of the help is very sincere. It indeed gives a ''lift" to the soul to get such a demon- stration of interest and responsibility. Kespectfully submitted, Elsie G. Whitney, Secretary Report of the Treasurer for 1944 The financial condition of the Fern Society is some-what better than anticipated a few months ago. This is owing AL $300 received from this source during the preceding year. The ''Complete Your Set'' circulars which were sent out in the fall we expect will keep up the financial response. $310 $129 Two $25 and another for $5 made anonymously during the past year, and a gift of books was received for which we have assigned a value of $11.84. We also have a new Life Membership given by one of our members to another member. The treasurer wishes to thank all the members for their cooperation. The financial report follows : Beceipts Amount Sub-Total Total Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1944 * 129.41 1938-1941 Membership Arrears $ 6.00 $ 6.00 1^42 Membership Arrears 4.50 4.50 1943 Membership Arrears 30.00 30.00 1944 Membership Eenewals 355.40 1944 New Members 31.50 386.90 1945 Membership Eenewals 16.54 1945 IS-ew Members 18.00 34.54 1943 Subscription Arrears 1.25 1.25 1944 Subscription Eenewals 72.86 1944 New Subscribers 13.75 86.61 1945 Subscription Eenewals 71.66 1945 New Subscribers 8.75 80.41 1946 Subscription Eenewals .93 -93 30 American Fern Journal Life Membership Sale of back numbers A.F.J Sale of * ' Vars. and Forms of Ferns of E. No. Am.^' Sale of A.F.J. Cumulative Index Gift (cash) Gift (books), A.F.J. back numbers 19-^4 Advertising .._ __ Reprints Transferred from Bissell Herbarium Fund (books), A.F.J, Deduction a/c Gift back numbers^ ... Deduction a/c Profit on Sales^ \ Deduction a/c Life Membershpc •f « * ■ 25.00 25.00 ! 366.33 366.33 1.00 1.00 .50 .50 30.00 30.00 11.84 11.84 4.00 4.00 43.98 43.98 * J 10.00 10.00 $1123.79 $1253.20 11.84 112.96 25.00 $ 149.80 a Transferred to Inventory A.F. J. b Transferred to Eeserve Fund. c Transferred to Spec. Acct. No. 2. $1103.40 Dishnrsemenfs Science Press A.F.J., Vol. 33, No. A.F.J., Vol. 34, No. A.F.J., Vol. 34, No. A.F.J., Vol. 34, No. 3 2000 printed clasp envelopes Eeprints Sales Discount .... 4 1 2 Agency Commission Bank Charges Expense Treasurer „ Secretary Editor :i Librarian Curator Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1945 $162.04 159.02 131.52 123.74 $576.32 17.60 17.60 43.98 43.98 39.72 39.72 12.57 12.57 26.98 26.98 29.00 29.00 19.19 19.19 8.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 $ 7! $ 310.04 STATEMENT^ DECEMBER 31^ 1944 Assets Cash on hand $310.04 In Spec. Acct. No. 1 510,30 In Spec. Acct. ^ No. 2 80.91 Ib Eeserve Fund ... 228.26 $1129.51 Notes Receivable ... Accts. Receivable ... 1.00 37.80 LiaMlities Capital Acct $1063.17 Suspense Cr. 1945 Menib 36.54 1945-1946 Sub- scribers 81.34 Distrib. Vol. 34, No. 4 100.00 Bissell Herb. Fund 510.30 American Fern Society 31 Inventory A.F.J. ... 500.00 Life Mcmb. A.F.S. Library Fund 80.91 (books) 196.20 ■ - Suspense Dr. 1945- $1872.26 46 Agency Com. 7.75 $1872.26 Respectfully submitted, Henry K. Svenson, Treasurer Report of the Auditing Committee The undersigned have checked all the receipts and ex- penditures of the American Fern Society for 1944 and find the Treasurer's statement correct. We call to the notice of the Society that our recommendation of a year ago, that the valuation of the back numbers of the American Fern Journal, listed in the Assets column as Inventory A.F.J, (back numbers) be reduced to $500.00, has been entered in this report. We wish to again express our high appreciation to Dr. Svenson and his staff, who have given careful attention to the work of the Treasurer's office. Arthur H. Graves Walter S. Allen Auditing Committee Report of the Judge of Elections The tabulation of votes in the recent balloting for offi- cers of the American Fern Society for 1945 is as follows : For President Dr. Frederick L. Fagley 62 Herbert W. Dole 1 For Vice-President Joseph Ewan 63 For Secretary Mrs. Elsie G. Whitney 63 Dr. H. L. Blomquist ., 1 For Treasurer Dr. Henry K. Svenson „ 63 Dr. Frederick K. Butters 1 » 32 American Fern Journal I therefore declare the following nominees elected: President, Dr. Frederick L. Fagley ; Vice-President, Joseph Ewan; Secretaiy, Mrs. Elsie G. AVhitney; Trea- surer, Dr. Henry K. Svenson. Respectfully submitted, C. H. Knowlton^ Jiidge of Elections New Members Mr. Eoas W. Baker^ 734 High St., Dedham, Massachusetts Mrs. J. Barry Baxter, 300 Lighthouse Road, Wilmington, Delaware Br. Lyman Benson, Pomona College, Claremont, California Mr. Cecil Billington, 21060 Thirteen Mile Eoad, Birmingham, Mich- igan Mr. William Durkin, 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn 25, New York Dr. T. A. Frick, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate Tennessee Mr. J. M. Hollister, 1302 Stratford Ed., Schenectady 8, New York Mrs. Florence Koeniger, 9134 Park Lane South, Woodhaven 21, Long Island, New York Mrs, T. K. Kovachoff, 4034 Highland Ave., Kansas City 4, Missouri Mr. C. Eussell Mason, 1376 Walnut St., Newton Highlands 61, Mass. Mr. Beriiie Thomas Merritt, 658 Corinth St. Ed., Dallas 16, Texas Miss Mary E. Nolin, P. O. Box 21, Castle Shannon, Pennsylvania Mrs. A. G. Pikron, Box 74, Knightsen, Contra Costa Co., California Mr. Alfred Shuhaibar, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Eepublic, Syria Miss Eleanor E. Whitcomb, 12 Middle St., Concord, Massachusetts Changes of Address Mr. Bill Bauer, 133 N. Old Orchard, Webster Groves 19, Missouri Mrs. Kathleen S- Boyd, 2 Eiverside Drive, Nelsonville, Ohio Prof. E. Lucy Braun, E. E. 13, Box 41C, Cincinnati 30, Ohio Col. Eobert P. CarroU, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Vir- ginia Mr. Thomas S. Constantine, 72 Terrace, Katonah, New York Dr. D. S. Correll, 9202 Old Bladensburg Eoad, Silver Spring, Maryland Lt. Douglas W. Dunlop, 0534164, Squadron F, Clovis Army Air Field, Clovis, New Mexico Mrs. E. M. Foote, 119 East 40th Street, New York 16, New York Lt. Wesley O. Griesel, 0577757, 1807 E, Lead, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Mr. C. F. Jehlen, 16 Livingston Ave., Yonkers 5, New York Miss Elsie M. Kittredge, 11 Kendall Ave., Eutland, Vermont Dr. E. H. McCauley, 6209 Kenwood Eoad, Little Eock, Arkansas Mr. Thomas W. McCoy, Hickman High School, Hickman, Kentucky Mrs. E. C. Ogden, 20 Myrtle St., Orono, Maine Mr. George H. Peters, 631 Garrett St., Oceanview, Norfolk, Virginia Mr. J. A. Sehuurman, 360 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois Miss Mary P. Wright, 538 Locust Ave., Germantown, Philadelphia 44j Pennsylvania THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB .1: Inclndiiig Bolldtin, Memoir^ and Torreya, |6.(H) a year PTTBIiIOATIONS 68tab Bulletin. MontMj, except July, August and September; lished 1870. Price $6.00 a year; single numbers 75 cents. Torreya. Bimonthly; established 1901. Price $1.00 a year. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Bulletin or Torreya ^ould be addressed to IIaeou> W. Eickett, Editor, The New York ^tanical Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P. O.), New York CSty. Memoirs. Occasional, established 1889. Price, W-OO to $5.00 a Tolume. Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta within 100 miles of New York City, 1888. Price $1-00. Snbscriptloua and other bnslneM commaolcatlona shoald be ad- areaaed to the Treaaurer, Harold N. Moldenke. New York Bot&nicAl Uarden, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P.O.). N>w York City. CASTANEA Published by the SOUTHERN APPAIiAOEIAN BOTAXIOAL CLUB Devoted to the botany of the Inter^tlng Sonthem Appalachians. polished monthly except during Jima, July, August^ and September. Yearly subscription, iw^^inHing joambersliip in the Club, 12.00. Addreu DR. EARL L. CORE, Editor West Virginia University MOBGANTOWir, W. VA. THE AMERICAN BOTAF^T .imericaf Ho — J 'wtiuit*. jti coTers me enure iieiu ui uvumj auu ^^^i^a ni^f* ^^ informed on aD new developments ! the worlA of few ^w complete files from ToL 28 to the present are araHafele Alices, set. may also Ask a«?^i?^l^^^ qnarterly? ^AQ a year, or 11.00 when ordere* *ny book in the following listt ^^eful Plants of the World (Sd ihL) r" ^^^»s: Their Haunts, Habits and Folklore FoS. ?5.^*^«s o^ Plants and their Meanings (2d e^x 1^ .ABies of North America (2d American Plant ^ ames (3d ed.) with «s.oo WILLARD N. TLUTE & CO. 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Single numbers, $1.50. Foreign postage: 40 cents. GENETICS Managing Editor: M. M. Bhoadss Established 1916. Bi-monthly. Subscription^ $6 a year for complete volumes (Jan. to Dec). Single numbers, $1.25 post free- Back volumes, as available, $7.00 each. Foreign ^'^tage: 60 cents. pa'-^tnent F, Brooklyn Botanic Garden Washington Ave,. Brooklyn, N. Y., U. S. A, amoosc o o Ifect* 9%n Equipment and eroarium supplies Fem Trowtif ♦ Fic*^ P'-rks Hind Leases <# Plant tm Co"«ctm s ♦ Drieft o willing Genus Covers ♦ M Pap«» And Sundries # # Write, To-day, for Your Copy of FREE CATALOG F-91 CAMBOSCO SCIENTIFIC CO., BOSTON. Ma»»: 'lU' y Vol. 35 April-June, 1945 No. 3 Ammrati l^nn Jliiurnal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS PuhlUh*^ by ^ AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY s^ EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS J^ CONTENTS Elizabeth BUlings and Her Fern Garden Elsie M. Kittredge Observed Characteristics of Botrychium multifidum var. oneidense.™.........™ „_ W. L. Dix Schizaea pusilla from Ontario Hubert H. Bbown Fern Collecting in Southern Costa Rica AliEXANDKB F. SKUTCH A New Species of Isoetes from Cotombia G. T. Morton Campyloneunim phyllitidfs in Southern Florida Alex D. Ha^kes Shorter Notes: Abundance of Selaginella in Oklahoma; 1 be Earliest Collection of Onocleopsis; Pteris midtifida i^^Texas; The Indument of Cystopteris fragiJis; Two C-hilean PteridopL.. c^is of Commercial Importance; l^urther Suggestions for the Utilization of Bracken in vxreat Britain; New Stations for Equisetum laevig^itnm I. prollferum...^ Recent Fern Literatnre American Fern Society FT -mrf^f H 1^ t *tl^»*>-**» »^4^ta-T > ' +^ wwW^^^^^^^ #-»lP***»***»**>^ 33 37 40 41 48 50 52 57 M A h it -r4-flr *- v>i ANNUAL SXJBSCRlFnON, $L25; FC.U. $U5 N. QUBEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE. LANCASTER, BROOKLYN* NEW YORK '^snd^J i5^ ^ second-class iratter at tfee post ©mce at iMncmtBr^ r«^ ^aer the Act of March 3, 1879. Actreptance ^^ WMinng at miXr^J Ppta^ provl^d for In section 1103, A " o«^< t:* '.J ■*-^^ mm&m "^Shu ib( meriran Mtxn^atut^ aiomirtt for 1 944 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR Dr. Tredeeick L, Fagley, 287 Fourth Ave., New York 10, N. Y. President Jos£FH EwAKj ITniyersity of Colorado^ Boulder, Colorado Vice-President Mes. '&i&m Gibson Whitney, 274 South Main Ave,, Albany, N. Y. Secretary Hkkbt K. Svbnsok, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y. Treasurer WnjjAK E. Maxok. Snuthsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C- Mdiiar4nCh%ef OFFICIAL ORGAN Kmsxumi Jfrnt Sournitl EDITORS WHiLXAM B, Maxon . ...Smithaonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C. B. a Bjcnzdict... ..™1819 Dorchester Eoad, Brooklyn 26, N, Y. a V. MOBTON-..-^ .Bmithsoniaa Institution, Washington 25, D. C- ISA L. WIGGINS-. Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, Calif. An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns* Subscription, $1.25 per year, foreign, 10 cents extra; sent free to members of the AMEBrOAN FEBN SOCIETY (annual di2^, #1.50; life membership, $25.00), Extracted reprints, if ordered m advance, will be fumidied authors at cost. They should be ordered when proof ia ^x.»>^aed. Volume I, six nnmbera, $2,00 ; other volumes $1.25 each* Siogle back number 35 cents each* VoL I, No. 1; voL III, nos. 2, 3 and 4; and ^L IV, no. 1, cannot be supplied except with complete volimiea. Tea per cent discount to members and institutions ou orders of six volumes or more. Matter f "• ^-ibiication should be addressed to William R Maxon, SmithsoniAB Bsstitution, Wasfaington 25, D* 0. Orders for back number and other bi^inesa communications sbould be addr^^ni to the Treasurer of the Society* LIBRARIAN III 2^~ N. Y. BtrsK, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyu » CXJI^ATOR OF THE HERBARIUM Miss Hestie M. Btrsx, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn So, N. Y. A r^tdiur loan department is maintained in connection with the Society herbarium. Members may borrow specimens from it a any time, the borrower paying ail postal or eaq>re^ chaises, iw pagas of the Journal are also o]^^l to members who wish to^ ^^^ exdianges; a membership list is piribliahed to fr-ther^ interested in obtioaing specimens from different localiti^ a^ist those vj*.^ --■ b^Ba ^ Atttmran Jff^rn Journal Vol. 35 April-June, 1945 No. 2 Elizabeth Billings and Her Fern Garden Elsie M. Kittredge After a brief illness, Miss Elizabeth Billings, of AVood- stock, Vermont, and New York City, died in her "Wood- stock home, September 10, 1944. She was not quite 74 years old. Although never in good health, she had great energy and will power to accomplish what she desired to do, and thus concealed her frailty, so that her sudden collapse was a great shock to her friends. Miss Billings was interested in all phases of nature and 'v\'as an acknowledged authority on the birds of Wood- stock and vicinity. In her youth she was an ardent ama- teur botanist and made a special study of the grasses found on the Billings estate and elsewhere in "Woodstock. Later slie started collecting all the ferns, fern allies, and flowering plants of the vicinity, limiting the collecting area to a six-mile radius from the center of Woodstock ^'illage. The mounted specimens were arranged in spe- <^ially constructed cases, and for many years were dis- played in two rooms in the D. A. R. chapter-house at Woodstock. In September, 1943, Miss Billings presented the herbarium to Dartmouth College, and it is now on exhibition in the College Museum. Miss Billings' chief botanical interest was in ferns; It was a great pleasure to her that a large proportion of the New England species were to be found on the hill, knowTi as Mount Tom, which is part of the Billings estate. Not only do the usual ferns grow there abun- dantly, but since 1920 some very interesting varieties and [Volume 35, No. 1, of the Jouenal, pages 1-32, was issued 1945.1 33 w 34 Americaist Fern Journal forms of the common species have been located there. Some time prior to 1900 Miss Billings established a fern garden near her honse. Here were planted all the com- mon ferns of the region and some of the rare ones found elsewhere in the state. Also she brought fern plants from the foreign countries in w^hich she traveled. This fernery attracted many visitors. For a number of years after 1909 she was unable to superintend its care, and the more delicate ferns were killed by the growth of the sturdy ones and by the w^eeds which soon became rampant. So in 1928 a new fern garden was started at some distance from the first. As in the old garden, colonies of the common ferns w^ere planted, and each group was provided with a bronze tag bearing the com- mon name of the fern. In this fernery, brought over from the old one, were two plants of the Euggles Fern, Osmunda regalis forma orhiculata Clute, a peculiar form of the American Royal Fern found by Byron P. Ruggles on his Hartland farm some time previous to 1900. Mr, Ruggles gave crowns of his fern to Miss Billings and other fem-lovers soon after it was described in the Fern Bulletin; so there are plants in several gardens, and the original clump is still growing in the Hartland pasture. There were also two plants of the striking form of the Interrupted Fern found by Mrs. W. E. Mack at Bridgewater Corners, and named for her Osmunda Claytoniana forma Mackiana Kittredge. Mrs. Mack's station was totally destroyed by road work following the flood of 1927 ; so far as is known these two plants are the only ones now in existence. A plant con- forming in all particulars to Mrs. Mack's w^as found m South Londonderry some years ago by Mrs. Chisholm and ]Miss Jenkins and set in the lovely Chisholm fern garden, but for some reason it either reverted or did not live, as it cannot be located in the garden now. Billings Fern Garden 35 \ 9 Other rare, or at least uncommon, ferns in the Billings garden included the lovely crested Lady-fern, Athyrium angusium forma crktatum (Hoplvins) Broun, each plant producing one or more heavily fruiting fronds each year, and a dwarf crested Lady-fern found on Mount Tom more than 50 years ago but still not identified, though suspected to be a European form. None of its fronds have exceeded nine inches in length, and there never have been any fertile ones. Also there are several plants of Lady-fern which may be called Athyrium angusUim forma elegans (Gilbert) Butters, although they differ somewhat from each other. It may be said in passing that, although Lady-ferns are the commonest ferns to be found in Woodstock, it would seem that no two plants are alike. The Ragged Lady-fern, Athyrium angustiim forma laciniatum Butters, grows in two widely separated places on Mount Tom ; but the plant set in the fernery from the first colony found did not live, and so no others were removed from the woods. Three plants of Poly- stichiim acrostichoides forma Gravesii Clute were found in 1927 and two more taken to the fernery, where they promptly reverted ; at least, when they were sought for I'emoval to the new fernery they were as plain as plain, and at first it was thought to cast them out. Fortunately, however, they were transplanted and marked with care, for in 1938 one plant bore two sterile fronds showing Gravesii characteristics and has continued to produce such fronds ever since. Both plants bore fine fertile fronds when found, as is evidenced by several herbarium specimens, but none have appeared since. The second plant has remained ''plain''; perhaps it will wake up some day. The plant left in the woods disappeared; "^vhether if rliprl ^t* it-oo o+r^i^vi ^a r^rx^ known with all the pinnae forked or crested are in the Christmas Fern 36 American Fern Journal group. Some plants of the Fragile Bladder-fern Avitli crested fronds were brought to the fern garden from a hill some distance from the Billings estate but within the six-mile radius ; they grew well for several years, but then disappeared — we think because of an unusual sheet of ice which remained until very late in the spring. A lovely variety of the Male-fern Avas found in the old fernery and transferred to the new garden. When ques- tioned, Miss Billii how it got into her garden, Mr. "Weatherby determined it as ^^Lastrea Filix-mas var. ahhreviata Babingt./' a European form ; so presumably Miss Billings brought it home from some place in Europe and forgot all about it. In 1939 three plants of an attractive crested form of Bryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia were found on the hill near the house. The colony was left undisturbed; all three individuals grew well and produced the tasseled fronds, some of them heavily fruited, each year. During the summer of 1944, Miss Billings had ar- ranged to send to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden plants of s fern and some other rare forms. Soon after her death, since there was no longer anyone especially interested in ferns or the fern garden, the Mack Fern, one plant of the Kuggles Fern, and seven other unusual forms of common species were sent to the Garden. The second Mack Fern, one of the crested Lady-ferns, and one crested Spinulose-fern were given to Mr. Rugg of Han- over, New Hampshire. The second Ruggles Fern and some other good plants were sent to Mrs. H. E. Hoselton, of Taftsville, Vermont; Mrs. Arthur Doubleday, of Mack Woodstock So is is expected that some of the plants most valued by Miss Billings will be well cared for by these friends of hers who are also devoted to ferns. w Rutland, Vermoxt. BOTRYCHIUM MULTIFIDUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 37 Observed Characteristics of Botrychium multifidum var. oneidense W. L. Dix Whether ^ theory! of Dr. Robert T. Clausen for Botrychium multi- fidum var. oneidense, or prefers to accept the '* persistent juvenile state" of Dr. E. T. Wherry^ as the solution of this variety's relation to the species of its immediate group, the observation that it appears to exhibit a lesser degree of fertility than the other members of its group deserves further consideration. Not that this statement » IS not correct, for if one bases his opinion of the degree of fertility of plants on the number of fertile individuals observed, one is likely to conclude that var. oneidense is less fertile than either B, dissectum or B. oNiqiium. Whether this apparent condition of var. oneidense is the J'esult of hybridity or not, it will be worth while to notice other causes of sterility, and to discover also whether this -variety reproduces in sufficient quantity for self-per- petuation. In the first place, var. oneidense is a plant of the woods, and is seldom found in open fields. Insufficient sunlight IS a common cause of sterility among most plants. On the other hand, J5. dissectum and B, oMiqnum grow in ^any different habitats ; but when they grow in woods and thickets, in my observation, they exhibit even less fer- tility than var. oneidense. In recent counts in southern Bucks County, Pennsylvania — one in a dry situation and another in w^et soil— out of well over a hundred plants only one had a fertile spike. On the average these plants ^ere fully grown and mature. If the lack of sunlight produces this effect on plants of the parent generation, 9 1^^ Journal 34: 2. 1944. VVherrj, E. T., Guide to Eastern Ferns, 21. 1937. 38 American Fern Journal what must be its effect on theoretical hybrids and juveniles? That var. oneidense has ample fertility for self -propa- gation is evidenced by the large number of younger plants frequently growing around a fertile parent. Often some six to ten such plants of various ages can be seen, which is certainly doing well for hybrids and juve- niles. I have not noticed such a striking condition with either B, dissectum or B, ohliquum^ but have occasionally found it with B. mitltifidum. It is also quite possible that the later ripening of spores, usually advanced as evidence against the classi- fication of var. oneidense with B, mitltifiditm^ may be in part the result of its shade-loving habit. In Wayne County, Pennsylvania, raspberries (Buliis strigosns) are frequently ripe in open sunlight the first of July, but in the woods they ripen from three weeks to a month later. Other supposed characters of var. oneidense are the thinness of the blade and the less coriaceous segments. Again, these are ordinary features of plants growmg m shade. But when specimens of var. oneidense growmg under similar conditions with other plants of its imme- diate group are examined and measurements of thickness are made, considerable doubt is raised about the * 'thin- ness of the blade'' character. Some time ago I began to believe from field observations that this supposed char- acter was somewhat legendary, having been handed do\^'n from one taxonomist to another. The thinness and the texture of the blades do vary with the habitat, shade forms of Botrychhim always being relatively thinner than those growing in sunlight. In a recent measurement of the blades of J5. viuUi- fiduniy J5. dissectnm, and var. oneidense from the same locality and similar environment, and having about the BOTRYCHIUM MULTIFIDUM VAR. ONEIDENSE 39 r same degree of development, the results, although not conclusive, do show interesting trends. The plants were collected at approximately the same period and kept in a preserving fluid till examined. Sections were made from corresponding areas away from the veins and edges and near the middle of the blades. Measurements were made both from the basal and the apical region of ulti- mate segments of each specimen. Although the tliickness was greater in the basal areas, the same relative results appeared. The averages are as follows, the unit of mea- surement being one division of the ocular micrometer: var. oneidense 21, B. midtifidum 18, and B. dissechtm 17. Although it is evident that this single test proves little positively, it does show that the old story about the rela- tive thinness of var. oneidense should be omitted from taxonomic discussion of this group till further examina- tion of material from similar environments is made. Another consideration affecting the taxonomic position of var. oneidense is th^ difficulty in separating this va- nety not from B. oUiquum, but rather from' 5. mtdti- fidum var. silai folium. In a group of plants such as BotrycJiiuniy where so many of the taxonomic distinctions are related to differences in the shape and cutting of the sterile blade, it seems a little inept to disregard this fea- ture entirely in the case of the too-much-orphaned var. oneidense. The purport of these observations is that; (1) The theoretical sterility and the comparative thinness of the blade of var. oneidense may be due to environment rather than to hybridity or a juvenile condition; (2) in reality the plant under discussion is sufficiently fertile for self- Pi^opagation ; (3) actual measurements tend to disprove the **thinness of the blade'' characteristic; and (4) the evidence of its closer relationship to B. dissechtm than to ■o- niultifidiim has become rather feeble. MoHRisviLLE, Pennsylvania. 40 American Fern Journal Schizaea pusilla from Ontario, Canada Hubert H. Brown Quite recently I have received from Mr. E. A. Moxley, among a number of other ferns, a folder with three mounted specimens of Curlygrass {Schizaea pusilla Pursh), which w^ere collected by him at Sauble Beach, Bruce County, in July, 1928. These ferns, done up in a package, w^ere inadvertently left in the house in Owen Mr. Moxley 3 many years ago now, and only lately were discovered by the present occupant and forwarded to Mr. Moxley, who on March 16th last presented them to me. As there is no possibility of misidentification, I think it desirable that a record of this station should be made. A friend of mine here, who knows the New Jersey pine barrens, assures me that the habitat there could be dupli- cated at Sauble Beach, w^hich he also knows very well. This Sauble Beach area is a flat stretch of sandy soil along about six miles of the shore of Lake Huron at the southwest end of the peninsula of Bruce County. There are several lines of dunes, between w^hich are strips of shallow water. Back of the first dune Juniperus com- munis var. depressa and J, horizontalis are quite abun- dant, and then the woods of white cedar and poplar. The stations in Nova Scotia and Bruce County would be about equal in distance from New Jersey, and the New- foundland station about twice the distance; but Bruce County is inland, while all other stations are coastal. In this disjunct distribution there is the somewhat parallel case of Cheilantlies siliquosa Maxon, a species of the Rocky Mountain region westward, which was gathered by Dr. Ami near Durham, Grey County, in 1883, but has not been reported from Ontario since; incidentally this locality is only about 25 miles from the Schizma at Sauble Fern Collecting in Costa Rica 41 Beach. In the East, Cheilanthes siliquosa is otherwise well known from the Gaspe region, Quebec. Toronto, Ontario. Fern Collecting in Southern Costa Rica Alexander F. Skutch That large section of Costa Rica which lies to the south of San Jose^ its capital city, is nearly all wild, mountain- ous, sparsely inhabited, forested country. The backbone of tlie region is the non-volcanic Cordillera de Talamanca, which rises in the craggy summits of Chirripo (12,580 feet) to the most elevated point between Guatemala and Colombia. On the highest treeless summits of this range are found the iiortlierninost outposts of the paramo for- mation of the Andes ; corresponding elevations in Guate- Kiala support a vegetation far more Arctic-alpine than Andean in composition and appearance. The broken lootliills of the Cordillera push down nearly or quite to the coasts, leaving at best a narrow coastal plain. Lofty, humid forests sweep up almost unbroken from the sea- shore nearly to the tops of the highest mountains. Al- though to the north of the Gulf of Nicoya the Pacific coast of Central America is nearly everywhere arid or semi-arid, in southern Costa Rica this side is almost as ^et as the opposite Caribbean slope. Seven years' records from Pedregoso in the basin of El General show ail annual rainfall ranging from 88 to 167 inches/ The Pacific slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca dram into the Rio Grande de Terraba, which flows for a long way parallel to the Cordillera. The upper portion of the Terraba Valley is the valley, or more properly basm, of El General. Aside from the pioneer explora- ^ -F'or these records I am indebted to Don Isaias Eetana, of ■Pedregoso. rJ 42 American Fern Journal tions of Henry Pittier and Adolfo Tonduz, made chiefly during the nineties of the last century, very little natural history work has been done in any portion of the Terraba Valley. Despite heroic efforts, these botanical collectors obtained hardly more than a sample of the rich flora of the region. In 1935, Avhen I decided to combine botanical collect- ing with ornithological studies in Costa Eica, the Terraba Valley was still difficult to reach by the usual modes of j travel. The highways leading south from the central plateau went no farther than Santa Maria de Dota and El Copey, and except for a few months during the dry season even these roads were impassable by any vehicle swifter than an ox-cart. From Santa Maria to San Isidro del General, near the head of the Terraba Valley, there was still a two- or three-day journey over a difficult mountain trail crossing El Cerro de la Muerte (11,200 feet) — the Mountain of Deaths so called because so many travellers, who came out of the mild valleys with nothing more adequate than a coffee sack to cover them on the high, bleak summit, made here their final bivouac. The highway builders at present struggling to pass the Inter- American Highway over this grim, gray peak have still other reasons for thinking the name appropriate. At the time of which I write, people had hardly begun m to talk about the highway. A year or so earlier, an avia- tion company had begun service between San Jose and the Terraba Valley. This offered a quick and, every- n thing considered, cheap way of getting there. The aero- plane left San Jose early in the morning, carrying 15 people and a heterogeneous cargo of barbed-wire f encmg tins of kerosene, sacks of bread, bales of merchandise, ? and a little calf tied up in a sack with only his li<-'ad exposed. Mounting above the low buildings of the capi- tal, we enjoyed a wonderful panorama of the chain or ! Fern Collecting in Costa Rica 43 ■ * volcanoes to the north — huge, sprawling Irazu, extinct Barba, and Poas with two crater lakes in its truncate summit. But our route lay in the opposite direction, and soon we were soaring above the nearest of the steep mountains that rise sharply on the southern edge of the narrow central plateau. At first we flcAv over a broken terrain completely denuded of forest from narrow valley - j#-^H-4vw - prf<"4i.44 'IJl.** 1 1 ^ P i^ T'^T^ ^i ^^■^ -^■4** ./ -.^m^n ^ -£^.*-"^ =™«F Cerro Chirrip6 (12,580 ft.) and Bfo Chirrip6 to sharp ridge. Coffee plantations occupied the sheltered valleys and open pastures covered the ridges, along which ran roads of red clay. The clearings rapidly disappeared, and a dark green niantle of forest was spread over all the rugged country, meeting the blue plain of the Pacific on our right, and rising on our left to the paramos of the peaks, still high above us. Here and there a long, white column of fall- ing water shot out from some more abrupt slope and descended gracefully into the green depths of a mountain 44 American Fern Journaij gorge. As we continued for about a half -hour over this impressively wildy unspoiled country, I concluded that it was better to be flying easily over it than toiling by muddy trails across its endless sharp ridges and V-shaped valleys. After a while, the solid ranks of the mountains divided into two columns — the high craggy peaks of the Cordillera to the left, and the rounded, green summits of the coastal ranjxe to the rirfit. Between them the O^ l,KJ LXJ.^ ^Af^ broad Terraba Valley stretched far away toward the southeast, covered with a fleecy white blanket of mist. The landing field, then about two miles from San Isidro, was in the midst of an extensive, open, rather sterile plain. The road to the village led between bushy fields, enclosed pastures, and stretches of unspoiled forest. I saw much of the two most abundant ferns of the region, the first being the ubiquitous — and iniquitous ! — bracken, which covers whole fields with an almost impenetrable tangle far more than head-high. It jumps up again with redoubled fury when burned or cut, and is one of the most troublesome weeds with which the Costa Rican farmer has to contend. The bracken is strictly confined to cleared lands and is never seen in primary forest, where its place is taken — in point of abundance, at least — by a climbing fern, Salpichlaena voluhilis, whose fronds twine about saplings and small trees in the undergrowth, ascending to a height of about 20 feet and forming dense tangles. The primary divisions of the fronds are pin- nately compound and resemble somewhat the leaves of the ash or sumach. One cannot walk through the forests of El General without being tripped and entangled by the cordlike stipes of SaJpicldaena. A more agreeable fern growing in the forests in this vicinity is the rare Lophidium elegans, a relative of Schizaea and LijgodiiiM, ^ whose little flabelliform blades stand up on clustered I stipes in th'e shade. i ■4 f t Fern Collecting in Costa Eica 45 ff I established my headquarters at Eivas, about 6 miles to the north of San.Isidro, on the tumultuous Rio Bueno Vista at an altitude of 2,900 feet. Although agricultural operations had begun to encroach upon the lofty forests on the steep slopes that hemmed in the valley, a great deal still remained; and a ten-minute walk brought me to unbroken primeval woodlands so extensive that I never explored them to their end. In a region so heavily lorested as this, ferns did not form so prominent a con- stituent of the whole mass of vegetation as they did, for example, in the far lighter woodland on the upper slopes of the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, where I first collected tropical ferns. Yet by careful searching one could find a satisfying variety of them. The massive ''sotacaballo trees (Pithecolobiwn) on the banks of the river were nearly always laden w^ith epiphytes of the most varied kinds, ranging from mosses, liverworts, and filmy ferns, through orchids, aroids, bromeliads, and larger ferns to epiphytic trees such as figs, Clima, Coiissapoa, and Cosmihtteyia. On the trunks grew Asplcnium fragrans, ■4- auritumy and Polypodium pectinatum^ while hanging limply below the horizontal branches were the cordlike fronds of Vittaria filifolia and V. stipitata, and also the l>i'oad, soft, pinnate fronds of Polypodium chnoodes. Back in the forest grew Hemitelia multiflora-^ a rather abundant small tree-fern, with a slender, spiny caudex reaching about 10 feet in height, and broad, finely divided fronds. On the tree trunks, especially near the ground, were found Trwhommies pohjpodioides, T. rigidum, and a new species of Polypodium, as yet undescribed. These forests above Rivas had an average height of about 125 feet, with many trees towering still higher. As in heavy forest almost everywhere, trees that in their blossom-time ^nade a colorful display w^ere a disappointingly small ^nnority ; and in the understory there was even less color 46 American Fern Journal than at the roof. In general there were few species of terrestrial ferns, although some of these were monoto- nously abundant, such as the Adiantitm-like Lindsaeas (Z. horizontalis^ L, lancea, and L, qiiadrangularis) . Juvenile plants of Salpichlaena were a principal con- stituent of the ground cover. Patient examination of a mossy tree trunk yielded the delightful little fern Hecistopteris piimila^ whose dichoto- mous fronds were scarcely over half an inch in length when full grown. Even more interesting was a dwarf ''HartVtongue" whose pilose fronds, rooting at the tip TVall r* gave rise to new plants, and so formed extensive mats over the tree trunks. This proved to be a new species, which was aptly named Elaphoglossum proliferans Maxon & Morton. Another interesting ^* Walking-fern'' of the region was Leptochiliis cladorrMzans, a terrestrial species whose tall, elegantly divided fronds have long, tail-like tips that strike root where they touch the ground and produce new individuals. Much rarer was Leptochdiis Bradeoriim, with trifoliolate fronds, which seems re- stricted to the deepest and most humid ravines. Although the forested slopes were rather unproductive collecting ground for ferns, these grew in the greatest pro- fusion in glens and deep ravines. Here were such tall, wide-spreading, terrestrial species as Dryopferis LinJc' iana, D. excidta var. anatemalensis. I), suhincisa, D^- 'f sum, and Tectaria Sodiroi, One of the most interesting excursions I made from Rivas was to the first high summit on the eastern side of the valley, on the divide between the Buena Vista and Chirripo Rivers. The forest trail was so wretchedly muddy, now in early December at the end of the long wet season, that I forsook it to continue upward through Fern Collecting in Costa Rica 47 the trackless forest. Progress was at first difficult through the undergrowth and over fallen logs ; but soon we came to a ridge that was narrow and steeply ascending and covered with tall slender Euterpe palms almost to the exclusion of other arborescent vegetation. This broad avenue of palms led us directly to the summit, where ■-■"i-^. t^' J V Valley of the Eio Buena Vista the aneroid barometer registered 5,000 feet. On this flat mountain top many trees of Clnsia flava, about 25 feet high, grew among- the palms. They were just coming into blossom, and their broad white flowers — the staminate ones nearly two inches wide— shed a delightful fragrance over the whole mountain top. Beneath the palms and Clusias the ground was thickly carpeted with sphagnum, in which grew the curious fern Oleandra costaricensis. This is found, at least at lower elevations, chiefly as an epiphyte on the trunks of trees, but here the slender, rod- 48 American Fern Journal like stems, covered Avith brown scales, rose obliquely out of tlie moss. Some were eiglit feet long, and supported themselves on the bifid leaves of Carliidovica and other vegetation. Other ferns abundant near the summit were Polypodium fraxinifolium and Cyathea divergens, a tree- fern with a caudex 18 feet high and drooping fronds 10 feet long. Although my oi'iginal intention had been to spend only five or six months amid these forests, I stayed in my cabin at Rivas for a year and a half, and later worked for ten months in two other portions of the basin of El General. But my collections do not contain a complete representa- tion of the ferns, nor of any other section of the flora. Many years of steady collecting would be necessary to complete our knowledge of the plants of this rich and varied region. When finally opened to traffic, the Inter- American Highway will enable botanists to collect with ease and comfort in this and other parts of tropical America hitherto difficult of access. Rich rewards in new species await those who first take advantage of the unique opportunities for collecting the highway will afford ; but to be most effective the work should be done promptly, for despite a good deal of conservation talk, the original vegetation along the route of the road will doubtless rapidly vanish. San Isidro del General, Costa Rica A New Species of Isoetes from Colombia^ C. V. Morton The genus Isoetes is represented in South America known from only one or two localities. The five species thus far known from the northern Andes are: I, Karstenii A. Br. 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. A New Isoetes from Colombia 49 (Venezuela), I. triquetra (Ecuador), I. ecuadoricnsis Asplund (Ecuador), I. pacifica Svenson (Ecuador), and /. Lechleri Mett. (Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia). These all belong to the section Tuberculatae Pf eiffer. A species belonging to the small section Reticulatae Pf eiffer has recently been collected in Colombia by Mr. Killip and Mr. Lehmann. It may be described as follows : Isoetes Killipii Morton, sp. nov. ^ Planta terrestris; cormus bilobatus ( ?) ; folia numero- sissima, 7-9 cm. longa^ ea. 1 mm. diam., subrigida, atteiiu- ata, stomatibus instructa, basi dilatata membranacea 12 mm. longa et 8 mm. lata; ligula anguste triangularis, ca. 1.5 mm. longa, apice subulata; velum ineompletum, ad bneam mediam ca. ^ sporangii longitudine; sporangia 5-6 mm. longa, ca. 3 mm. diam. ; macrosporae maximae, albae, 1 mm. diam., earinis prominentibus, areolis per- spieue reticulatis; microsporae pallidae, bilaterales, ea. 50 n longae et 30 p latae, laeves. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 1,856,468, collected on the western slopes of the Paramo de Purace, Central Cordillera, Vallev of Eio Cocuy, Department of El Cauca, Colombia, on a^steep wet bank at 3,200 to 3,400 meters elevation, Mav 26, 1944, by E. P. Killip and F. C. Lehmann (No. 38536). In most characters Isoetes Killipii is evidently related to the geographically remote Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton of New Hampshire, but may be distinguished at once by its much larger macrospores (about tAvice as l^i^ge), which are much more sharply reticulate. The omy South American species of this section is 7. ^- Br., of southern Brazil, which has similar but much smaller macrospores and much larger leaves (60 to 75 cm. l^ng). Ijx Weber's treatment of the South American spe- eies /. Killipn will go into the section Amphibiae and will key to Z. Martii, Smithsonian Institution. Ma 50 American Fern Journal Campyloneurum phyllitidis in Southern Florida b ■ Alex D. Hawkes Of the four species of Campyloneuriim indigenous to Florida — C, pliyUitidis (L.) Presl, C, latum Moore, C, costatuni (Kunze) Presl, and C. angustifolium (Sw.) Fee — C. phyllitidis is the most frequent in the hammocks around Miami. Almost every area of forest boasts at least a few specimens of this beautiful fern, and in some of the hammocks it forms one of the most prominent forms of herbaceous vegetation. This species grows in a wide variety of habitats, being found in the thick humus on the ground surface, on the limestone ledges of large sink-holes, on the perpendicular sides of smaller lime- stone pot-holes, on rotting prostrate tree trunks, part way up the trunks of trees, or even high in their branches. The most beautiful colony of this fern which I have seen was in Lysiloma Hammock, near the hamlet of Silver Palm. This hammock, although rather large and dense, had a surprising paucity of interesting ferns, orchids, and bromeliads, although a few of the pot-holes contained such species as Asplenium dentatvm^ A. vere- cunduniy Dryopteris ampla, Tectaria heracleifoUd^ and Adiantum tenerum. The great group of Campyloneu- rums, numbering perhaps 30 in an area about 10 feet square, consisted of plants with immense leaves three feet long or more and four or five inches wide. They w^ere growing on several large trees which leaned out pre- cariously over a yawning sink-hole many feet across. The great rosettes of fronds sparkled in the sunlight which filtered through the dense growth overhead. Many young plants were thriving at the base of the parent clusters, and some few youngsters had found a congenial location some distance up a nearby tree. Large mats of the lovely epiphytic Peperomia ohtusifolia almost Campyloneurum phyllitidis in Florida 51 obscured othex- parts of the rotting trees, and a few scat- tered bromeliads were perched on tlie trunks around the great cavity, their odd silvery-gray leaves adding a some- Avhat sombre note to the scene. Recently we had a rather severe cold spell here in southern Florida, and a couple of days after one of our frosts I went to several of the hammocks to see what harm had been done. Many of the plants of Campylo- neurum phyllitidis, Asplenium serraiuvi, and A, den- tahim were severely injured. Those growing in sheltered locations w^ere for the most part not hurt by the cold, but in relatively exposed positions the rosettes of the first two species were of a dull gray color and the leaves were limp and frequently prostrate on the ground. The little Asplemitm had tightly shrivelled and darkened in ex- posed places, but here again the protected plants with- stood the frost without any apparent harm. Campyloneurum pJiyllitidis is a large and certainly a very striking plant. At first glance it would probably never be taken for a fern by the layman, with its stiff, ascending, strap-shaped leaves arranged in a spreading rosette. Usually the plants in this region are found well inside the hammocks, growing in dense shade in a fairly nioist location. The leaves range in length from about SIX inches in stunted specimens to three and a half or four feet in the huge plants occasionally found growing in an ideal situation. This species is widely distributed in the lower two- thirds of the peninsula of Florida, and is also found on some of the Florida Keys and throughout the ^Yest Indies. On the continent it ranges from Mexico well into South America. It was first described by Linnaeus (in 1753) as Polypodium phyllitidis, which is the name used V those who regard Polypodium in the broad historic sense. CocoxuT Grove, Florida. 52 American Fern Journal, Shorter Notes Abundance of Selaginella in Oklahoma. — While I was stationed at Fort Sill Military Reservation in Co- mancLe County, Oklahomaj last summer, I noted with surprise that the mountain tops and rocky slopes were covered with a species of Selaginella, This has been identified by Dr. Maxon as S. Sheldonii Maxon, a species occurring also in New Mexico and western Texas. The whole western slope of Mt. Hines (alt. 1,600 feet), ex- tensive areas on Signal Mountain (alt. 1,700 feet), and (inside the Wichita Mountain Park) about 20 acres of the rocky, dry flats at the base of Little Baldie Mountain are covered with the Selaginella. Growing wnth it are cacti {Opuniia and E chin ocer ens) and various other flowering plants. In summer the temperature may get as high as 120° F., and during this period the Selaginella is dried up and looks as if dead. — Hugh H. Iltis. iLE ^TioN OF Onocleopsis. — Mr. Bal- lard's recent description of Onocleopsis has settled for me a question which has long awaited solution. Some 25 years ago, while ordering up some of the pteridophytes in the Gray Herbarium, I came across four sheets of a Mexican fern determined by Davenport as Acrostichum Gaenopteris Kunze — that is, Polyhotrya serraiifoha (Fee) Klotzsch. In view of the very different venation of the leaf, this seemed rather a poor guess, and I re- moved the specimens from the Polyhotrya covers. But I could not place them anywhere else; they eventuall}' came to rest among the unnamed material and have re- mained there ever since, occasionally taken out, looked at, and given up by me and various visitors. When Dr. Maxon recently showed me some of the Hinton material of Onocleopsis, I was reminded of these specimens and now find them to be very good Onocleopsis, \ Shorter Notes 53 The specimens in qnestion Avere collected Sept. 26, 1897, at Cerro de San Felipe, Oaxaea, at an altitude of 2000 meters, by Conzatti and Gonzalez and distributed under their number 480. The material is excellent- complete, or nearly complete, sterile and fertile fronds, stipe-bases, and a rhizome. Conzatti and his assistant evidently realized that they had something unusual j it is not much to my credit that I let their well and intelli- gently collected specimens lie so long without a more ( vigorous effort to work them out. However, it now ap- pears that, unless a still earlier collection is buried in some European herbarium, the discovery of Onocleopsis dates from 1897 instead of 1933.— C. A. Weatherby. Pteris multifida in Texas.— While in Kountze, Har- . Clin- toniana^ and D. spinulosa from D. intermedia, A number of records which, though not designated as new, are not known to the reviewer to have been pub- lished or generally recognized previously, deserve notice here. Botryehium simplex var. tenehrostim is recorded from two counties, and B, dissectum var. oneidense and B. multifidiim var. intermedium from one each; the last represents a surprising range extension southward and may need confirmation. Dryopteris Clintoniana is sepa- rated into three varieties, the typical one (not awarded an infraspecific epithet), var. australis, and var. atro- pahistriSy the last (based on Dryopteris atropahistris Small) representing a new combination. D. Thelypt^^^^ var. Ilaleana, a southern entity, extends into two south- eastern Maryland counties. Under Equisetiim arvense there are recognized four forms and one variety, var. horeale. E. laevigatum is r recorded from Baltimore County, a considerable range- extension from the west. The nowadays much-used epithet prealtum is not accepted, but the entity appear*^ * - - - - - - 1 Eeed, Clyde F. County Distribution of the Ferns and Fern- allies in Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia. Bulle- tin I^atural History Society of Maryland 13: 47-54. 1943. (Mmieo- graphed) Recent Fern Literature 61 m two varieties : Equisetum hyemale var. affine and var. robiistum. In tlie Lycopodium inundaium complex three varieties are distinguished, viz., the typical (not named), Bigelovii, and adpressum; in the Ground-pines, two : L. olscurum (typical) and var. dendroideim. The epithet Isoetes riparia is expanded to cover six entities, some pro- posed under that species, others under /. saccharata. And m this genus there is a surprising range-extension re- ported — I. macrospora, a northern and mountain type, from low-lying New Castle County, Delaware; this should not be accepted without further study of the material.— E. T. Wherry. known Another state fern flora— "Ferns of Utah," by Seville Flowers^- — ^has recently appeared. The principal treat- inent consists of keys, descriptions, and drawings of all the species known to occur in Utah, following a discussion of their ecology, distribution, and relative abundance, and a section on the general morphology of ferns. The number treated is 53, as compared with 38 reported from Utah by Maxon.2. The additions are mostly due to recent exploration. Of the 53 species 19 are one or two localities, and some others are rare also. That Utah has a relatively poor fern flora is attested by a com- parison with other western states (Washington 72 species, Arizona 78). Noteworthy are the presence of but a ^^ngh species of Dryopteris and the complete absence of Lycopodium. The largest genera are Equisetum (6 spe- cies) and Cheilanthes (5 species). AspJenium, NoiJio- laena, Selaginella, and Isoetes follow, with 4 species each. The table giving a comparison of the number of species ni Utah and the United States as a whole is misleading to ^la Tidestrom, Flora of JJtah and Nevada, Contr. U. S. Nat. aerb. 25: 43-52. 1925. 62 American Fern Journal some extent, since introduced species are counted the same as native ones. The total of 234 species of Poly- podiaceae, taken from Broun 's Index, includes 17 intro- duced ones. The counting seems to be erroneous m some other respects also, the total of 18 species of Equisetum being arrived at by counting three species specifically ex- cluded by Broun. In Isoetaceae there are 20 species, not 19 as given, and there are only 18 of Ophioglossaeeae, not 19 as given.^ Some of the statements in the section on general mor- phology leave a good deal to be desired, such as '^A leaf is simply pinnate when it is not cut up into leaflets, and compound pinnate when portions surrounding the side veins are cut out as distinct leaflets/' The illustration (fig. lA) of a '^pinnate'' leaf is in reality of a deeply pinnatifid leaf, such as is common in Polypodkim, and that of a ^'bipinnately compound leaf' (fig, IB) is really pinnate-pinnatifid. Or again, *'Tripinnate or ternate means three times compounded." Ternate is, of course, not synonymous with tripinnate. The statement that *'A leaf consists of a stipe or stalky hlade aiul veins^' implies that a leaf has three parts, whereas actually the veins are only a part of the blade. Some of the definitions in the glossary are, to say the least, unconventional, e.g., * ^Pin- nate: a leaf with a midvein like a feather'' or ^'Fertile: a fern bearing spores when collected or observed." Some 3 Incidentally, it may be mentioned that Broun 's own tabular summary on pages 168 and 169 of Ms Index is even more mislead- ing, if taken at face value. We find, for instance, that Os^nunda is represented by two species and two varieties, a figure arrived at by counting Osmnnda regalis var. spectdbUis as a variety oiily? since 'typical regalis does not grow in the United States. Yet for purposes of comparison with other regions it is obviously necessary to say that we have three species of Osmunda in the United States. In like manner we see that Crypfogramma is represented by one species and one variety, Phyllitis by no native species, et cetera- It may be mentioned also that Broun 's table includes five ^^^^' duced species of Isoetes, an obvious error, but one which affects the totals given nevertheless. Recent Fern Literature 63 4 Statements in the text are open to question also, such as m the key (p. 22), where the indusium of AspUnium is said to be ''hoodlike," or on p. 15, where the Ophio- glossaceae are said to be "mostly tropical." The genus BotrycUum, at least, is best developed in temperate regions. There can be nothing but praise for the fine drawings, which make the book a valuable addition to any fern librarj'. These, drawn on an unusually large scale, are very lifelike. Habit drawings and details are furnished for each species, and both are accurately and tastefully executed.— C.V.M. Dr. George Neville Jones has recently published^ a lora of Illinois, which includes a treatment, of the ferns and fern allies. The keys seem to be accurate and usable, but the absence of any comments or discussions is regret- able, especially so in the ease of the common Adder 's- tongue, for which the name Ophioglossum pusillum Eaf. IS adopted, rather than the universally accepted 0. vrd- gatum L. This early species of Rafinesque was rather inadequately characterized, and was completely over- looked until Clausen noted it as a doubtful synonjon of 0. crofalophoroides Walt. ; MerrilP placed it as a syno- JiJTn of 0. vulgaium. It seems from Jones' synonym 0. vidgatum of Am. auth., not L." that he is regarding World, but surely some discussion of this point is desira- ble. It would be especially unfortunate to be obliged to adopt the name 0. pusillum Raf., since 0. pusillum Nutt., tbough published four years later than Rafinesque *s name, has been fairly well known for the plant of the oouthern States now known as 0. tenerum or 0. niidi- Cdule var. tenerum. It was so used by Christensen in the Index Filieum. JAmer. Midi. Nat. Monogr. 2: 1-317. 1945. -*Jner. Fern Joum. 33: 52. 1943. 64 American Fern Journal The treatment in general would be more useful by dis- cussion of several other divergences from currently accepted usage. In some groups a eouservative view- point may be observed, as for instance in Equisetum, which differs from Schaffner's treatment in not recog- nizing E. kansanum, E, trachyodony or E. NeUonii. On the other hand, Polypodium polypodioides var. Mich- auxianum Weatherby and Lycopodmm Selago var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. are recognized as distinct species, as P. ceteraccimim Michx. and L. porophiliim Under w. & Lloyd respectively, the conservative treatments of Clausen in Botrychium and Tryon in Pteridium are not followed, and Phegopteris is recognized on the wholly inadequate and artificial basis of lack of indusium^ In all, 63 species are reported from the state. No varieties or forms are mentioned. A good many species are rare, some of those knowai from one or two locali- ties only being Lycopodmm immdaium^ Ophioglossiifn Engelmannii, Trichomanes Boschiununiy Phegopteris connecfilis [Dryopteris Phegopteris]^ Aspleninm crypto- lepis, Aspleninm ebenoides^ and Woodwardiu virginica. D. V. M. American Fern Society New Members Ann Drmnmond, 10 Ship Channel 7 Maine Cobb. Lake Mr. George L. Fisher, 611 West Pierce Ave., Houston 6, Texas Mr. Mulford Foster, 718 Magnolia Ave., Orlando, Florida Dr. Harold K. GroflP, 18 South Duke St., Lancaster, Pennsylvania Mrs. P. E. Heinrich, 3928 1/2 Ave., B 1/2, Galveston, Texas Mr. Edmn T. Moul, Macfarland Hall, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania Mr. John S. Patnode, 24 Clinton Ave., Pittsfield, Massachusetts Mr. Walter S. Phillips, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Mrs. Fay O. Snader, R.D. 2, Box 301, Post Orchard, Washington 7 THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB :ii MEMBER Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, |6.00 a year PUELICATIONS ?^^®^^* Monthly, except Julj, August and September; estab- lished 1870. Price $6.00 a year; single numbers 75 cents. Torreya. Bimonthly; established 1901. Price $1.00 a year. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Bulletin or Torreya ^ould be addressed to H^vrold W. Eigkett, Editor, The New York gotanical Garden, Bronx Park (Fordham Branch P. 0.), New York Memoirs. Occasional, established 1889. Price, $3.00 to $5.00 a volume. ^ -r -r , . ]f^^!^^^^ary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta within 100 miles of New York City, 1888. 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WW 'ritB, To-cfay, for Your Copy of FREE CATALOG F-9I CAMBOSCO SCIEHTiFIC CO., BOSTON, M^ I ^ "■" _""l" t - Vol. 35 uly-September, 1945 No. 3 V Ammrait 3Hn Journal A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS l^ttklukcd hj thm AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY j# EDITORS WILLIAM R. MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS J^ CONT TS Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern Hybrids Ralph G. Bej^edic Island omenclatural Changes in the Genus Isoetes Clyde F. Eeed Some Notes on Arizona Ferns ^ Shorter Notes: Notes on Illinois Pteridophytes; North- western Limits of Cystopteris fragilis var. laurentiana Fern Society ^#**^ ^ Ji « > ■ -r^^4 ^ « 1 F 65 W. H. Wagnee, Jb. 74 77 87 Harou) St. Joh2^ ALTis 8. Phillips 90 92 93 QUEEN ST. SUBSCRIPTION. $1.25t.FOREIGN. $1.35 BROOia^sMMw Y€)Al! " e- UB^i^iS^ --^s second-els ; # amthnM, ^^*^^® provided aatnorized oa July g. 191 ■*i post offiee at iMnctrntkr^V^^, stance foj: -aar^lHag at rS!?f?5^ Octobetf l»iT, - - '- ^^ A ■■AMiiiiii tfj? Am^riran JPFrn ^titut^ ainmuUfur 1944 OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR Da. Feedeeick L, Faglet, 287 Fourth Ave,. New York 10, N. Y- President J08£PH EwAK, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Vice-Fresident Mes. Elsix Gibsok Whxtket, 274 South Main Ave-, Albany, N. Y* Seeretarjf Hbnst K. Bvknsok, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N. Y, ^ Treasurer WiLLUlc E. Mazok, Smithsonian Institution, WaahiMton 25, D. C. OFFICIAL ORGAN Ameruan 3em ixituriml EDITORS WILUAM E^Maxon...- Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25,I>.C* R, G. BKKraiCT 1819 Dorch^ter Eoad, Brooklyn 26, N. Y- C. V. MoBTOK,...-. Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, P. U iMM L. WiGaiHS.. Dadley Herbarium, Stanford University, Calif. An illustrated quarterly devoted to the general study of ferns- Snbseription, $1^5 per year, foreign, 10 cents extra; sent free to members of the AMEEICAN FEBN SOCIETY (annual dues, ♦1^0; life membership, $25.00). Extracted reprints, if ordered m advance, wiU be furnished authors at cost. They should be ordered irhen proof is returned. Volume I, ^1:: numbers, $2.00; other volumes $1.25 each. Singlj back numbers 35 cents each. Vd. I, No. 1 ; voL III, nos. 2, 3 ana 4; and voL IV, no- 1, cannot be supplied except with complete volumes. Ten per c^it discount to members and institutions on orders of six volumes or more. Matter for pubUcation should be addressed to William B. Mason, Smithsonian Institution, Washington 25, D. C. Orders for back numbers and other business communications should be addxoB^d to the Treasurer of the Society- LIBRARIAN Miss HEsraa M. Busk, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 25, N, Y. CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM Uins Hestzh M. 'Rum:, Er^^klyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn 2a, N. Y. A regular loan department is maintained in cc ::ection ^^^J^^ SodetT herbarium. Members may borrow specimens from is any time, the borrower paying all postal or espr^s f^^^^^^' --^g pages of the Journal are also open to members who wish ^^,^^^^ exchanges; a membership list is published to further assist i obtaining «-^eciniaii3 from differe^'. localiti^* inl^i :^t«d -' '"■ Ammratt 3nn Journal Vol. 35 July-September, 1915 No. 3 Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern Hybrids + Ralph C. Benedict The study of ferii hybrids in the United States has had a history of just about 50 years, since Raynal Dodge first suggested that a puzzling intermediate New England form of Dryopteris might be explained as a hybrid be- tween two known species, D. cristata and D. marginalis. This suggestion w^as accepted by George E. Davenport,^ who formally described the plant as Aspidium crista- turn X marginale, proposing Dryopteris cristata x mar- gmahs as an alternative name. He discussed the matter at some length before a meeting of the American Fern Society at Boston in 1898, and his paper appeared in a Fern Society publication.^ Dodge's suggestion and Davenport's paper served as a stimulus to further study, to the reexamination of her- barium specimens that had been doubtfully identified, to increasing watchfulness in the field, to experimental work, and to published descriptions and discussions of the problems. Gradually, as additional data accumu- lated, and as the difficulties of any alternative explana- tion for an increasing number of plants and specimens ^ere recognized, the validity of the theory of natural ^Two new ferns from New England, -with some observations on ^ybndity and nomenclature. Bot. Gaz. 19: 492-497. 1894. ^^^P<^rs Presented at the Boston Meeting, 1-11. 1899. L Volume 35, No. 2 of the Journal, pages 33-64, was issued J"l7 11, 1945.1 65 66 American Fern Journal fern hybrids came widely to be accepted. It is a matter of interest that active study of fern hybrids in this coun- try has been closely associated with the half -century of the existence of the American Fern Societyj that a great majority of the studies of this problem have been made by members of the Society, and that many of the pub- lished studies have appeared in its journals. At the present time probably more members are ac- tively interested in the problem than ever before, not only in field and herbarium study but particularly in the observation of these types in outdoor gardens, and in the possibilitj^ of raising from spores any that may prove fertile. The present paper has been prepared in the hope of pointing up the problems which still exist, and of suggesting how further descriptive and experi- mental studies may fruitfully be carried out. My own interest in these plants, which is of 40 years' duration, has recently been actively renewed by a visit to Kichard Harlow's fern garden in Pennsylvania, and by the op- portunity afforded to see the large series of hybrid ferns Avhich he has growing and to learn about the extensive spore culture work with these and other fern variants which he has been carrying on. Eecords of these cul- tures and of others like them ought to be put in shape for publication, so that the results obtained may be avail- able for general information and use. TAL METHODS At the Boston meeting in 1898, Davenport discussed the problem in general and suggested the desirability of carrying on experimental work. He proposed that, fol- lowing the lines of procedure reported by Lowe in Eng- land, an effort be made to produce under cultural con- ditions some of the crosses which were reported from field study. The suggestion was promptly accepted by Study of Fern Hybrids 67 Margaret Slosson, and about two years later, at the New York meeting of the Fern Society, she reported her results to that date.' In this first report she recounted partial success with the Dodge hybrid (Dryopteris cris- tata X marginalis) , but negative results as yet with Asplemum ehenoides, now recognized as Asplenium platyneuron x Camptosorus rhizophylhis. For the Dodge Dryopteris hybrid; she reported one immature inter- mediate plant in a culture containing a number of plants of D. cristata and D. marginalis. The experiments with Scott's Spleen wort were con- tinued, however, and in 1902 Miss Slosson reported the successful completion of her efforts to produce this hybrid fern under experimental conditions.* By illus- tration and description she show^ed the developmental stages of the two parents and of the hybrid offspring, the latter raised to maturity. Herbarium material from her experiments was deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, A little later, in her book How Ferns Grow^'' she published similar developmen- tal series in the growth of a considerable number of eom- ii^on hardy ferns. Although this book does not deal directly with hybrids, its descriptions and figures of juvenile stages of various fern species are important for anyone who is interested in cultural and field studies of fern hybrids, because it is highly important in such work to be able to recognize the different parent types in all stages of development. Accomplishing cross-fertilization is nuich more diffi- cult in ferns than in flowerhig plants. The prothallia, on which the eggs and sperms are formed, are small and usually produce both kinds of sex cells at close quarters, 1900, Experiments in hybridizing ferns. Fermvort Papers, 19-25. *BuU. Torrey Club 29: 487-495. 1902. 68 American Fern Journal Moreover, when the prothallia are sectioned so as to separate the male and female organs, regenerative growths may be expected to provide a second crop of the opposite sex. Miss Slosson manipulated prothallia in several ways, the most critical of which consisted in cutting them in such a way as to separate portions with each kind of sex organs and then planting in contact appropriate pairs of parts of the two species which it was desired to cross. When new sporophytes of inter- mediate character were obtained promptly, before there had been time for the regeneration of the excised sex organs, the conclusion was practically inescapable that interspecific cross-fertilization had taken place. The renewal of efforts to produce cross-fertilization of fern species is much to be desired, both according to the technie already used and by more critical methods. One plant physiologist who attempted in the first decade of this century to bring fern sperms into contact with eggs under direct microscopic observation came to the conclusion that his negative results were strong evidence against the probability of the occurrence of fern hybrids in nature. But, as was pointed out at the time, unfor- tunately he attempted chiefly to cross fern species that F had given no evidence of a disposition to hybridize. In general, !Miss Slosson's results have been accepted as good evidence for the fern hybrid hypothesis, but more experiments of the same type and on a more extensive scale would be valuable. It would be of great interest to have her original crosses repeated, with care to deter- mine whether reciprocal crosses give the same results. Field and herbarium studies have suggested that the Dodge hybrid (cristata x marginalis), for example, occurs in two types: one more slender, like crisfata in outline; the other broader, like the other parent. Such a project and careful experiments to reproduce other hybrids now recognized from field studies are pos- Study of Fern Hybrids 69 sible of accomplishment by anyone ^vlio has achieved suc- cess in the spore culture of fern species. It would be necessary first to raise pure cultures of the prothallia of the prospective parent species^ and then to make as many prothallial contacts between them as possible. The most critical step in the process would lie in so cutting the prothallia as to separate the sex organs before planting together. Patience in this part of the operation and persistence in its repetition are the primarj^ qualities needed for the conduct of this experiment. A dissecting niieroscope would be helpful at this stage, but it is prob- able that a rule-of -thumb technic could be developed in cutting the prothallia wliich would enable the experi- menter effectively to separate the antheridial and arehe- gonial portions. A transverse cut a little back of the notched growing end of a mature prothallium, made with a sharp, fine-pointed pair of scissors (manicure or iri- aeetomy), would give a somewhat bean-shaped piece con- taining only archegonia. The remaining older, pointed portion, with most of the rhizoids, contains the sperm- producing antheridia. But instead of using the cut halves of older prothallia as the source of sperms, it is sible to use younger, entire prothallia, which have not yet formed archegonia. After the pieces have been planted in contact, each pair should be flooded with a drop of sterile water, to supply a medium for the passage of the active sperms. Any sporophyte which develops in the archegoniate (maternal) portion of a prothallium ^ithni a month after the contact has been made may be expected to show h^-brid characteristics. Studies in the J'egeneration of prothallia made by Albaum' indicate that new antheridial outgrowths need not be expected to ap- pear in less time. ^ Amer. Joiiin. Bot. 25: 37-44. 1938. 1 f 70 American Fern Journal SECOND GENERATION CULTURES At the time of the early studies of fern hybrids, the assumption was widespread that species hybrids must perforce be sterile. L. M, Underwood argued against the idea that Scott's Spleenwort could be a hybrid be- cause of a large colony near AuburUj Alabama, where many young plants w^ere found. A contrary view was expressed by Maxon/ who stated the case at some length, ^ly own conclusions, based on extensive microscopic study of eight or ten different putative fern hybrids, w^ere ex- pressed as follows: *'This sterility manifests itself either in the form of abortive, undersized sporangia, or, if the sporangia attain full size, in abnormal, granulated spores. Only in a few mounts, out of scores examined, have any normal spores been seen, and in these few instances their presence may have been accidental. But as in hybrids generally, it is probable that the sterility is relative rather than absolute, and we may expect occasionally to find fern hybrids capable of reproducing by spores.''^ "Without anticipating any informally reported results at this time, I am certain that more than one experi- menter has already obtained second generation or F2 cul- tures of some of our fern hybrids, and that a new and very promising line of study is just waiting for system- atic exploitation and reporting. One or two suggestions as to methods and records may be offered here : Leaves of hybrid types from which spore material is taken for sowing should be carefully pressed and pre- served, with data as to source and the date of planting spores. Later, in the event of successful germination, pressed specimens of the offspring should be made, to j 6 Notes on tlie validity of Aspleninm ebenoides as a species. Bot. Gaz. 30: 410-415. 1900. 7 New hybrids in Dryopteris, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 41-49. : 1909. ? Study of Fern Hybrids 71 show various stages of development. Care will have to be taken that "foreign" spores do not get into the cul- tures, to confuse the results. Eecords should be kept of unsuccessful enltvires, where no germination occurs. It IS a foregone eoudusion that whereas some hybrid t^-pes niay be fairly fertile, others will remain obstinately in- lertile. The mule is a good illustration of a completely self-sterile animal hybrid, although even in this case female mules have twice been successfully bred with jackasses — the progeny pure jackass. ihe fact that the Fa generation of a number of fern hybrids has been reported is a matter of great interest. A^ie value of such experimental cultures will be multi- plied many times if the kind of record suggested in the preceding paragraph is kept, and if the procedures and results are carefully prepared for publication. Earlier numbers of the Journal carry descriptions of methods of raising ferns from spores.^ Given a hybrid, even partially fertile, the chance of getting second generation results is much better than for the production of the Fj or first generation cross between tne parent species. Another intriguing aspect lies in the act that the progeny to be expected cannot be predicted yith any certainty. Four types of results seem to be indicated as possible • (1) Offspring like the Fx type and relatively uniform,- (2) a wide range of intermediate types, approaching both parents in characteristics; (3) progeny showing a close resemblance to either one or the other of the parent forms; (4) complete sterility— no offspring. There are two other possible procedures by which fern ybrids — even completely sterile ones— may give rise to 9o. ?• ^- Benedict, Growing ferns from spores. Amer. Fern Journ. ^^ * . ^^- 1939. Also, Josephine Edson and Grace Griflfetli, Our ^7 with ferns. Amer. Fern Journ. 29; 98-101. 1939. 72 American Fern Journal offspring other than bj^ spores or by natural branching. The phenomenon of apospory is well known in scientific experience. In this the frond itself bears prothallial outgrowths, with sex organs and fertilization possible. Young plants formed by this method may be expected to have a double chromosome number, and may show somewhat greater size and vigor than the parent.^ Another method by which sterile hybrids in flowering plants have been caused to form seeds has been exten- sively used and reported upon within the last ten years, viz., the use of colchicine. The successful application of this technic to sterile fern hybrids would result in the production of spores and sporophytes with a doubled chromosome number. A few years ago the writer tried this method very hopefully on some of the spore-sterile sports of the Boston Fern. In this experiment the run- ners by which these plants are vegetatively produced were immersed in various concentrations of colchicine solution. The runners swelled to more than twice normal size and great expectations were entertained, but the swellings turned out apparently to be entirely pathologi- cal ; no reproduction was obtained.^^ DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF FERN HYBRmS Basic to any acceptable experimental work with fern hybrids there must be sound and accurate knowledge of the structural characteristics and environmental adapta- tions of these plants. Recognition and discrimination of the features of the presumptive parents are first essen- tials. It was this kind of careful study in the early years which forced conviction as to the hybrid nature of these discontinuously variable intermediate types on cautious, 9Elva Lawton, Eegeneration and induced polyploidy in f^^^^' Amer. Journ. Bot. 19: 303-333. 1932. 10 Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Ree. 29: 68. 1940. Study of Fern Hybrids 73 thorough workers like Philip Doaa ell, a former President of the Fern Society and an early editor of the Journal. In a paper entitled "Observations on the occurrence of Boott's fern "11 he accepted as proved the hybrid nature of the Dodge hybrid {D. cristata x marginalis) on the basis of its experimental production, but he remained doubtful regarding the interspecific origin of D. Boottii. Two years later, however, he had come to accept the hy- brid nature of Boott 's Fern, to which he gave the techni- cal name B. cristata x intermedia}^ At the same time he described and named four other Dnjopteris hybrids : D. Goldiana x intermedia, D. Goldiana x marginalis, D. Clin- foruana x Goldiana, and Z>. Clintoniana x intermedia. Reference to Dowell's papers is strongly recommended for their accuracy, caution, and thoroughness. Although the possibilities of experimental Avork have been put first in this paper, there is still plenty of worth- while observational and descriptive work to be done. Field and garden studies through all stages of groA\i;h, especially in comparison with parental types, have much to contribute. Anatomical studies in various degrees of fineness can produce much additional information. Has anyone applied to fern hybrids Dr. Waters' method of differentiating species by studying their stipe characters? The value of a hand lens in separating presumptive crosses involving one of the "spinulose" species of Dry- opteris is familiar; at least in lowland types the presence of glistening indusial glands warrants the assumption that intermedia, rather than the non-glandular straight ^nulosa, is one of the responsible parental types. That studies with a compound microscope would add further ^'aluable information is indicated by the results obtained 03- Sidney Greenfield. ^^ His reports showed recognizable "J°';«va 6: 205-209. 1906. "-?""■ Torrev Club 35: 135-140. 1908. Amer. Fern Journ. 28: 55-62. pi. 6, 7. 1938. 74 American Fern Journal differences in tlie cellular structure of the indusia and scales of Dryopteris Goldiana and D. marginalis — fea- tures which could be jJicked out in the hybrid niaterial. By "way of summation it may be noted that the field of study presented by fern hybrids, not alone in Dryopteris but in Asplenium and other genera, offers many and diverse problems of considerable interest, of greater and lesser difficulty. This field should appeal to Fern So- ciety members, both because of our past contributions and of present and future additions to knowledge which can be made, Brooklyn College and Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Ferns on Pacific Island Coconut Trees Warrex Herbert "VYagner, Jr. On the low, tropical islands of the Pacific the coconut is a dominant tree, a fact especially noticeable when the islands are seen from the air. Not only are there ex- tensive plantations, bnt individual trees are scattered everywhere — in open fields, along roads, at the edge of forests, and along the shore. Because of their smooth trunks and their usual occurrence in relatively dry, ex- posed situations, coconut palms might seem unsuitable hosts for fern epiphytes. There are, however, a small number of species of ferns that are almost sure to be those listed. The commonest and most conspicuous fern growing on the bole (the swollen base), where the numerous, stubby, exposed roots make a rough surface, and sometimes climbing some distance up the smooth axis is Pohjpodmm scolopendria, a species rather commonly seen in cultiva- tion in the United States. In Guam and on Los Negros I f Study of Fern Hybrids 75 Island (Admiralty Islands) I have seen it thns growing with fronds two and a half feet long. Even on the devastated island of Kwajalein, in the Marshall Islands, you can find little plants of this fern on the remaining stumps of bombed trees. In the Bishop Museum in Honolulu there are specimens collected from the bases of coconuts on Nassau Island, near Samoa, and from Fan- ning Island in northern Polynesia. On Los Negros Island I found a large number of healthy plants of a closely related species, P. nigrescens, growing on the bole and extending several feet up the trunk of a roadside coconut tree not far from the beach. The most conspicuous ferns of coconut groves in the Pacific grow not on the boles but higher up on the trunks. Jjavalha solida is common in such situations on Saipan, Uuam, and Los Negros Island, and another species of m pine Islands. Even commoner is Cydophorus adnascens and, to a lesser extent, C. van'us. Nearly everyAvhere that coconuts grow in the Mariamia Islands, the Philip- pines, and the Admiralty Islands you will find Cyclo- Phonis on the trunks, and Mr. D. F. Grether has shown "le a photograph he took in the Admiralty Islands of a trunk which was "fuzzy" from base to crown with Cydophorus. Li Guam it frequently grows in company with TaeniophylUim, a curious leafless, spiderlike orchid. I^rynaria quercifolia is another fern well suited to epiphytic existence on exposed coconut trunks, and I have found many plants at Tugnug Point, Samar. The tightly clinging, brown, humus-gathering leaves and the very different fertile fronds of this plant may be seen growing as much as 20 feet from the ground. Steno- chlaena palustris clambers at least 15 feet up the trunks m the Admiralty Islands, and fertile fronds are diflScult 76 American Fern Journal L to obtaiu because they are produced only on the upper- w most part of the rhizome. The boles are a favorite habitat for the smaller SAvord-ferns of the group of NepJiolepis exaltata and iV. hispidula, and in fields and other exposed areas these may frequentl}^ be found only in such spots. Another pteridophyte growing on the bases and stumps is Psilotum nudum, as I have seen it Oahn and Samar. Mr. J. T. Conover found a very luxuriant plant on a coconut tree near Agana, Guam. When individual coconut trees occur in wet, shady places many additional species maj^ be found on the trunks. brnsln Hymeno onata pendria, P. punctaium, and young plants of Vittaria elongata and Humata heterophylla growing within four feet of the base; higher up, near the crown, were Cyclo- phorus adnasceiis and DavalUa solida. On a tree farther doAvn the hill were very large plants of both Asplenmm Nulus and Polypodinm pttnctatiim, growing on the axis 10 to 15 feet from the ground. On Los Negros Island I found a tree growing in woods the bark of which was completely covered almost to the top with Humata hetero- pliylla. Nearby, eight feet high on a tree in an exposed place, I found a fully developed plant of Lycopodium Phlegmaria clinging to the smooth bark. I have heard of Schizaca dichotonia being found on coconut trunks, but I have not found it there yet. In all I have found 17 species growdng on coconut trees. In rainy regions, at higher altitudes, other species may be expected. Washington, D. C. NOMENCLATURAL ChAXGES IN ISOETES 77 Some Nomenclatural Changes in the Genus Isoetes Clyde F. Keed It has been pointed ont several times^ that the name Isoetes Braunii Dnr. is a later homonym of Isoetes Braunii linger, a fossil species of central Europe. The problem of finding the correct name for this common species of the northern United States has resulted in the following paper, which attempts to settle some of the nomenclatural and taxonomic difficulties involved. That the stress placed on the markings of the gynospores by Miss Pfeiffer in her monograph of the Isoetaceae^ has resulted in a rather distorted presentation of the rela- tionships of the species is the conclusion reached by the author after a study of a Avider range of morphological characters, of the ecological habits, and of the geographi- cal distribution. Three species of this relationsliip are here recognized, all of which are distinct from the Euro- pean /. eehhwspora Dur., with which they have fre- quently been united. The writer is indebted to C. A. "^Veatherby, C. V. Morton, and Joseph Ewan for sugges- tions. Durieu's original descriptions of Isoetes Braunii and i. mvricata^ were merely observational notes, as his foot- ^-^.<7., Engelmaim (Trans, St, Louis Acad, Sei. 4: 380. 1882), TQA *^'^^™ AUies 223. 1905), and CockereU (Muhlenbergia 3: 9. f I^' Engelmann^s remark is, '^I may state here that the name ot /. Braunii is preoccupied, as it has already been given to one of tne two species of the Tertiary deposits, the well marked spores of ^hich have been discovered in the German Brown Coal strata; Prof. ■Kraun therefore proposed for our plant, if it should eventual considered distinct, the name of /. amb'igua." Obviously 7^ ally be Isoetes 2 3 <^inbigua A. Br, is a nomen provisorium and therefore invalid. "Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: 79-232. 1922. These descriptions may be translated as follows: Isoetes muricata. Eelated to Isoetes riparia Engelm., it is Qistmguislied by its spores being covered with stout papillae, not 78 American Fern Journal note indicates: **Ces notes ne sont point de veritable de- scriptions, mais ont simplement pour objet de signaler pour chaque espece nn caractere de fructification de premiere valeur, suffisant d^abord la specifier." Three years later, Engelmann reduced these species to varieties of I. echino»pora (a disposition of them maintained for many years), adding at the same time another variety, Boottiiy which came from the same locality (Woburn, ■ Massachusetts) as the type of /. muricata and has proved to be essentially identical with that species. The original material of 7. Braunii came from Lake Winnepesaugee, New Hampshire,* and specimens from Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, and Concord, Massachusetts, w^ere also known to Durieu. Later, Engelmann added another variety, E, echinospora var, rohusia^ based on material from Lake Champlain, which was reduced by A. A. Eaton to I. echinospora var. Braunii^ but which was maintained as a form by Clute and Miss Pf eiffer. In 1907 CockerelP created the new name I. echinospora [var.] Brittoniiy based on L Braunii Dur., non linger, again observing that the fossil species invalidates Durieu 's name. However, Braunii as a varietal epithet is legitimate under Article 69 of the Eules, which permits with sinuous crests, thin and more or less anastomosing. The plants seem to thrive in association with 7. Engclmannii A. Br.; there has developed one individual of this last plant among the stocks col- lected at Woburn, Massachusetts, and sent to Durand by Boott Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 100. 1864. Isoetes Braunii. The spores resemble those of I. echinospora of the Old Continent, and it is this same resemblance which permits one to distinguish J. Braunii from its congeners of the New World, it being unique in having echinate spores. Close examination or the spines which cover the spores of these two species reveals that in i". echinospora they are compressed, almost lamellar and very fragile, whereas in I, Braunii the spinules are conical and ^^^^^' The androspores of J. Braunii are smaller and smooth all over, the edges with close, rounded crenulations, not fine distinct teeth as m /. echinospora, — ^Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 101. 1864. , . v t ^ * The specimens were collected by Engelmann, and identified by him as J. riparia (forma minor sporis minoribus). 5 Muhlenbergia 3: 9. 1907. f t NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN IsOETES 79 H an author, in this case Engelmauu, to validate an illegiti- mate epithet by transferring it to a new status, provided that no legitimate epithet is available. The varietal name BriUmiii is therefore illegitimate, since it was superfluous when published. An unfortunate nomenelatural situation has been thrust on the taxonomist by Iversen,^ who made three new forms of J. echinospora, and then proceeded to de- scribe under identical names two subforms of each form. This practice is, of course, contrary to Article 30 of the ^ules, which provides that no two subdivisions of a spe- cies may bear the same epithet. Broun transferred all three forms to I. Braunii. A somewhat similar treatment IS that of Gliick,^ who likewise used the same form names several times within a species. All these forms are based on superficial variations in the frequency of stomata or degree of submergence or emergence, and are here placed Jn synonymy. The segregation of the plants of this alliance from ■western Xorth America was begun in 1888, when Under- ^vood described 7. maritima, and continued by A. A. Eaton with the description of /. ecJiinospora var. Flettii, i- cchiuospora var. trunmia, and I. Maconnii, which has proved to be a synonym of I. maritima. There seems to oe an increase in the number of stomata on the leaves as the plants occur westward, reaching a climax in I. maritima- and those western plants referred by Miss Pfeiffer to I. Byaunii, but which are here described as a ^ew variety, hesperia. There is a tendency for the spinules of the gynospores to become more confluent into columns or ridges in the western plants. The andro- spores range from having smooth surfaces in the eastern I^^^J^t^^sJo spiuulose or papillose ones in the western ^Bot. Tidsskr. 40: 128-129. 1928. 1936 ^^^^^^^'''^ ^ie Susswasser-Floia Mitteleuropas 15: 10-31. 80 American Fern Journal i t-i 93 o It s s G s I C3 t-. OS 3 CM O \^ C^ o OQ ■ o 00 o O r 5 be .S > 6 o PL. 00 be o I CO n3 o o 00 g OQ s.a o .§ X» 3 O 00 CO GG C 3 S be 4P O O OQ o 04 CO I K CM '5 CO CI flQ o < < D • f ^ •^ 03 a> o > cS r-4 o GQ o m g -«5 a> o P4 o 9 'TS P4 r ® © 03 o OQ s 0) *- OS CO i CO t OS o a* -tf P -^ s rt o o ■5 >^ cd I II t 1 S o □0 J 4 p o 2/) I s * t XoMEXrLATURAL CHANGES IN ISOETES 81 plants. The characters of J. echinospom and the three iSew World species here recognized may be summarized as in the accompanying tabulation, [At this place some mention may appropriately be made of an Asiatic plant of this alliance, /. asiatica (Makino) Makino,* uhich is described by :VIiss Pfeiffer as follows: Differs from the type [/. cchinospora] in having a broad velum, covering § to f of the sporangium, in bear- ing coarser spinules o)i tlie Jiiegaspores, and in the smoothness of the microspores.'' Miss Pfeiffer had seen no material, and her description was drawn from Makino. However, material collected in Japan and labelled I. cchinospora var. a.vafica ^Makino in the National Her- barium has the gynospores with reticulate or foveolate surfaces and lacks spinules. Isoctcs asiatica is said to ^ange from TTonshu to Saghalin, the Tvurile Islands, and -Ivamtchatka. The liiaterial from these regions needs to be carefully studied.] Isoetes muricata Diir. Bull. See, Bot. France 11: 100. 1864. Jsoefes echinospom var. muricata Engelm. in Gray's Manual, ed. 5, 676. 1867; Clute, Fern Allies 222. 1905; A. A. Eaton, in Gray's Manual, ed. 7, 60. 1908. I^oetes Boottii A. Br. ex Engelm. loc. cit. (in syn.). i^oetes echinospora var. Boottii Engelm, loc. cit. isoetes echinospom [var.] Braunii f. Boottii Clute, Forn Allies 258. 1905. Isoetes cchinospara [var.] Braunii f. muricata Clute, Fern Bull. 16: 55. 1908. bubinerscd leaves 10-30, flaccid, spiral, 15-40 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter, the emensed ones 5-8 cm, long, slen- der, recurved; stomata jiresont; sporangia pale-spotted, giobose; velum eoverin? 4 to f of the sporangium; gyno- « Isoetes asiatica (Arnkino) Mnkino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 28: 184. 1914; T.-iknmine, oj). cit. 35: 1S4. 1921; Diipp, in Manual Ptoridolotry 259. lt>38. Isottcs echinospora var. asiatica Makino, Bot. Mag. Tokyo IS: I2f>. 1904; Tvcrsen, Dansk Bot. Ark. 5, No. 23: 2. 1928. Isoeieti echinoapora sensii Hulten, Fl. Kamtcbatka 64. 1927, non Dur. 82 American Ferx Journal spores 400-620 jj (average 510 |j) in diameter, covered with slender, round spines and flat, blunt or retuse lamel- lae; androspores 25-31 p long, smooth or slightly granu- lar, white. Distribution : Nova Scotia to northern Maine and New Jersey. Isoetes muricata f. robusta (Engelm.) Reed, comb. nov. Isoetes echinospora var. rol)usta Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 4: 380. 1882. Isoetes echinospora [var.] Braunii f. rohusta Clute, Fern Allies 258. 1905. Isoetes Braunii f. rohusfa Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo, Bot. Gard. 9: 173. 1922. Leaves numerous, as many as 75, smaller than in typi- cal muricata, 12-15 cm. long; stomata abundant; gyno- spores 400 p in diameter. Distribution: Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachu- setts. Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton should be mentioned at this point, since Miss Pfeiffer treats it as a synonym of f . rohusta, from which however, it differs in several strik- ing morphological characters: (1) Bast bundles are pres- ent in the leaves; (2) the gynospores are smaller and are greatly flattened in the upper hemisphere and densely covered with stout, truncate, mostly single columns ; and (3) the plants are dioecious. Clute more naturally places 7. Gravesii as a variety of 7. valida (a synonym of 7. Eatonii), with which it agrees in the characters pointed out above.® 9 Isoetes Eatonii Dodge, Ferns and Fern AUies IS". Engl. 39. 1896; Bot. Gaz. 23: 32-39. pi. 4-5. 1897; Underw. Nat. Ferns, ed. 6, 146. 1900; A. A. Eaton, in Gray's Manual, ed. 7, 60. 1908; Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 177. 1922. Isoetes Engelmannii [var.] valitla Engelm. in Gray's Manual, ed. 5, 677. 1867. Isoetes valida Clute, Fern AUies 236. 1905. DiSTEiBUTiON: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey. Isoetes Eatonii forma Gravesii (A. A. Eaton) Keed, comb. noy. Isoetes Gravesii A. A. Eaton, Fernwort Pap. 14. 1900; Gray s Manual, ed. 7, 61. 1908: Britt. So Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2, 1- 54. 1913. Isoetes valida [var.] Gravesii Clute, Fern Allies 243. 1905. Distribution: Connsr^ticnt. [ NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN IsOETES 83 Isoetes muricata var. Braunii (Dur.) Reed, comb. iiov. Isoetes Braunii, Dur. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 11: 101. 1864, non Unger." Isoetes echinospora var. Braunii Engelm. in Grav's Manual, ed. 5, 676. 1867. Isoetes anihigua A. Br. ex Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei. 4: 380. 1882 (nom. provis.). Isoetes echinospora [var.] Britfonii Cockerell, Muhlen- bergia 3: 9. 1907 (7iom. abort.). Isoetes echinospora f, polystoma Ivers. Bot. Tidsskr. 40 : 128. 1928 (partim) . Isoetes echinospora f. polystoma subf. lativelata Ivers. op. cit. 129. Isoetes echinospora f. oligostoma Ivers. loc. cit. (par- tim). Isoetes echinospora f. oligostoma subf. lativelata Ivers. loc. cit. Isoetes echinospora f. astoma Ivers. loc. cit. (partim). Isoetes echinospora f. astoma subf. lativelata Ivers. loc. cit. Isoetes Braunii f. polystoma Broun, Index X. Amer. Ferns 99. 1938. Isoetes Braunii f. oligostoma Broun, loc. cit. Isoetes Braunii f. astoma Broun, loc. cit. Leaves 10-30, up to 25 cm. long (average 12 cm.), dark green, occasionally red at base, half-erect in \^ater, I'lgid and inclined to curve backward; stomata few, on ^e tips of the leaves; sporangia pale-spotted, oblong, 4-7 mm. long; ligule deltoid; velum half covering the sporangium - gvnosnores 250-550 u in diameter, covered 10 T5!nQ4-ftrt T>— .-w- -J Jahxesb. Ver, Yaterl. Naturk. Wurttemb. 62; 226. 1850; Heer, Fh Tert. Helv. 1: 44. pi 14, fig. 2-7. 1855. Isoetes lacustris fossilis A. Br. Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Ge- ologie 1845: 167. 1845. Isoetites Braunii JJnger, Gen. et Sp. Foss. 225. 1850; Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturw. Kl. 4: 13. pi 4, fig. IS. 1852. STRiBUTiox: This fossil species has been found in the following -ations: Tertiary (GermanT) ; Miocene (Oeningen, So. Ger- 0; Upper Oligocene (Bohemia, Prussia); and ^'Dolje'' (So, :ikia). 84 American Fern Journal with broad spiuules, these sometimes forked or toothed, sometimes recurved, occasionally confluent into short crests, white; androspores 26-30 p long, white or gray, smooth, very numerous, up to 300,000 in a sporangium. Distribution: West Greenland, Iceland, and Gaspe County, Quebec, to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Minnesota, and Ontario. ^^ Isoetes muricata var. hesperia Reed, var. nov. Minor; folia 10-18, 5-10 (raro 13) cm. longa; velum angustius; gynosporae 400-480 p longae, spinis longis- simis, tenuibus; androsporae 26-33 p longae. Plants smaller; leaves 10-18, 5-10 (rarely 13) cm. long; stomata few; velum narrower, covering about i of the sporangium ; gynospores 400-480 p in diameter, the spinules very long (80 p), fine; androspores 26-33 ^i long. Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 694891, collected at head of Bear Creek, Idaho, altitude 2,250 meters, September 1, 1897, by John B. Leiberg (No. 2971). Distribution : Idaho, Colorado, Utah, California, Washington, and Vancouver Island, at elevations of 1,800 to 3,500 meters. This variety includes the specimens from the western United States referred to 7. Braunii by Miss Pfeiffer. Other specimens studied in the National Herbarium are : Base of Mount Heyburn, Sawtooth Range, Idaho, sub- merged in small lake, alt. 8,000 feet, Ang. 4, 1936, Thompson 13657; Mount Rainier, Washington, in lakes, alt 4,500 feet, Aug. 23, 1901, Flett 1929; Chiquash Mountains, AVashington, in shallow pond, Aug. 16, 1900, Suksdorf 2210; Lake Whatcom, Washington, July 23, 1937, Mtienscher 7543; Seven Lakes, Colorado, alt. 3,500 meters, Clements Sept. 1, 1902; Head of Trinity River, California, in lakes, alt. 8,000 feet, Sept. 1, 1882, Pringle; Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, B. C, alt. 4,000 feet, Auor. l, 1931, Howell 7646. li Purther study of the material from the northernmost localities may show that it belongs to the following variety or to I. mariUrna. 1 NOMENCLATURAL CHANGES IN ISOETES 85 maritima Isoetes Macounii A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 8: 12. 1900; Trelease, in Harrimau Alaska Exp. 5: 395. 1904. Isoetes echrnospora var. maritima A. A. Eaton, Eern Bull. 13: 52. 1905; Tatew. and Kobay. Contr. El. 1937. Aleut Isoetes echinospora [var.] Braunii f. maritima Clute, Fern Bull. 16 : 55. 1908. Isoetes Braunii var. maritima Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo. Bot. Oard. 9: 174. 1922. Isoetes lacustris sunsu Tatew. Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hi.st. Soc. 11 : 156. 1930, non L. Isoetes beringemis Komarov, Bull. Jard. Bot. Acad. Sei. U. S. S. R. 30: 196. 1932; PI. U. S. S. R. 1: 128. 1934 (Bering Island). Isoetes truncata sensu Tatew. & Kobay. Contr. Fl. Aleut. Isl. 26. 1934, non A. A. Eaton. Leaves 8-12, rigid, 2.5-5 cm. long, green, chiefly slen- aer, with fine-pointed tips and rather wide membran- s^ceous border at base; stomata numerous; sporangia globose to oblong, 3^ mm. long, pale-spotted; ligule triangular, a little longer than wide ; velum usually nar- row, sometimes covering ^ of the sporangium; gyno- spores 380-500 p (rarely 600 p) in diameter, with rather thick, bluntish spines, these sometimes confluent into toothed ridges, white; androspores 30-39 p (rarely up to 44 (J ) long, chiefly papillose. Distribution: Washington, Vancouver Island, Aleu- P5^ Inlands (Uniraak, Unalaska, Atka, type locality of y^^I^counii, Amtchitka, Attn), and Commander Islands iBering Island, type loealitj- of I. heringensis) . Isoetes maritima var. Flettii (A. A. Eaton) Reed, comb, nov. Isoetes echinospora var. Flettii A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 11: 85. 1903 {nom. mid) ; op eit. 13: 51. 1905; Clute, Fern Allies 222. 1905. Isoetes echinospora [var.] Braunii f. Flettii Clute, Fern Bull. 16 : 55. 1908. isoetes Flettii PfeiflFer, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 186. 1922. 86 American Fern Journal Leaves 10-20, 5-8 cm. long, coarse, tapering, spreading or recurved, with a wide basal sheath extending upw^ard ^ the length of the leaf; stomata numerous; sporangia obloug, 4 mm. long, spotted; ligule blunt-triangular; velum usually covering the sporangium from less than i to f ; gynospores 480-570 [\ in diameter, with few spines, these very short, almost wartlike, and short crests, and rarely more or less meandriform-reticulate; andro- spores 29-33 p long, finely spinulose. Distribution: Washington, British Columbia. Isoetes truncata (A. A. Eaton) Clute, Fern Allies 260. 1905; Pfeiffer, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 175. 1922. Isoetes echinospora var. truncata A. A. Eaton, in Gil- bert, List N. Amer. Pterid. 10, 27. 1901 ; Clute, Fern Allies 222. 1905. Isoetes Braunii sensu Hulten, Fl. Alaska and Yukon 76-77. 1941, non Dur. Leaves 20-iO, 6-13 cm. long, stout, rather rigid, finely tapering, with an almost setaceous apex and a wide mem- branaceous margin at base ; stomata numerous ; sporangia oblong, 4r-^ mm. long, marked profusely with bro-^^ patches of sclerenehyma cells; ligule short-triangular; velum covering I to ^ of the sporangium; gynospores 430-520 p (rarely 680 n) in diameter, thickly covered wth truncate columns or blunt spines, white; androspores 27-33 |j long, papillose. Distribution : Vancouver Island to Alaska and Kodiak Island. Baltimore, ^Maryland. I n 'J i r I 4 Pacific Gleichexiaceae 87 Valid Names in the Gleicheniaceae : Pacific Plant Studies No. i' Harold St. John Occasionally two or more systematists have the mis- fortune to revise a group of plants almost at the same tnue. One has the good fortune to have his paper printed first, while the others have the bad luck of creating later synonj^ms. The writer was one of several who worked independently but simultaneously upon the genera now segregated from Gleichenia, and proposed new combinations under them. It now^ appears that the first of the^e publications to be printed was by R. C, Chnig.2 Doubtless due to the war, this number w^as not widely distributed outside of China, none of the five sets of the journal in Honolulu having it even now, and ap- parently the only copy to reach the United States being m the library of the Gray Herbarium, Needless to say, this paper of Ching's was unknown to the present writer when working on Gleichcnia, and at the time of his pub- lication.^ Recently when retni'ning from South America, it was possible to visit the Gray Harbarium and to read and collate Ching's paper. C. A. Weatherby discussed it there and has helped in evaluating certain of the older names. Ching accepted as genera the following : Dicran- opferis, GleicheneUa, Hicrwyterk, Stkherus, CalymeUa, ^^romatopteris, and Plafyzoma. He lists them, but gives no key or discussion of the validating morphologic characters. This is the fourth of a series of papers designed to present aescriptions^ revisions, and records of Pacific island plants- The ?n!a^^^^ papers were published as Bishop Mus. Occ. Pap. 17(7), 1942; 17(13), 1943; 18^5), m^^ ^Wunratsenia 5: 201-268, 1 chart. 1940. iiishop Mus. Occasional Papers 18: 79-84. 1942. 88 American Fern Journal Because of the earlier Ghichenia Necker (1790) Ching wholly rejects Glewhenia Smith (1793), the traditional generic name for many of tlie species in this family. Instead, he adopts Calymella Presl (1836) for the spe- cies remaining in the genus after the removal of various segregate genera. Certainly Gleichenia of Smith is a later homonym, but it is not necessary to reject this long-familiar name at this time, since Becherer has formally proposed it^ as a nomen conservanduni. This authorizes the continued use of Gleichenia Smith until its conservation is voted upon at the next International Botanical Congress. Ching did not mention this pro- posal. Because of the rarity of this Chinese publication, it is desirable to summarize certain of its contents. Below are listed Ching 's new combinations with the page refer- ences for the ones which antedate those by the present author. nicriopteris pinnata (G. Kunze) Ching, p. 280 Hicriopteris glauca (Thunb.) Ching, p. 179 Sticherus Cunninghami (Reward) Ching, p. 283 Sticherus oceaniciis (Kuhn) Ching, p. 284 Sticherus owhyhensis (Hook.) Ching, p. 284 Sticherus pedalis (Kaulf.) Ching, p. 284 (misspelled as pedalus) Sticherus quadripartitus (Poir.) Ching, p. 284 One Hawaiian species which the writer previously ac- cepted as Dlcrariopteris sandwicensis Degener should now be known by an older name: Dicranopteris emarginata (Brack.) W. J. Kobinson, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39 : 240. 1912. Mertensia emarginata Brack. U. S. Expl. Exped. 16- 297-298. 1854, not of Raddi, PL Bras. 1: 72. 1825. i CandoUea 7: 137-139. 1936. t 1 m f Pacific Gleicheniaceae 89 Gleichenm emarginafa (Brack.) T. Moore, Ind. Fil. 377. 1862. Gleichenia diehotoma (Tliuub.) Hook. var. emarginata (Brack.) HiUebrand, Fl. Haw. Ids. 545. 1888. Gleichenia dicJiotoma var. tomentosa Luerss. Flora 58: 419. 1875. Mertensia Tiawaiiensis Nakai, Bot Mag. Tokyo 39 : 181. 1925. Gleichenia hawcdensis (Nakai) C. Christensen, Ind. Fil. Suppl. 3, 106. 1934 (misspelled for hawaiiensis) . D\cranopteris hawaiensis (Nakai) Ching, Sunyatsenia 5: 275. 1940 (misspelled for hawaiiensis). Dicranopteris sandwiccnsis Degener, Fl. Haw. fam. 5, March 15, 1940, Brackenridge, when giving the first description of this species, called it Mertensia emarginata^ a later homonym and hence illegitimate. But later, T. Moore validated the specific name when he transferred it to Gleichenia, That made it available for transfer to the appropriate segregate genus. Degener has rejected it because of ne, in the south, Dorr, in the region of Green Bay, and Douglas and Bayfield at the western end of Lake Superior. It has now turned up in a collection of plants from the north shore of Lake Superior recently received the Gray Herbarium from the National Herbarium of Canada. Data of collection are: Canyon walls, Black Kiver, about lat. 48° 45' North, long. 87° 15' West, July 20, 1937, R. C. Hosie, 8. T. Loses, & M. W. Bannan, 'no. 43. This new station gives the variety a range in- Ciudmg all the northern part of the Great Lakes region, with an outpost in southern Wisconsin.— C. A. Weath- He m. American Fern Society Ferns to Exchange.— Eecently I acquired at last a ^oaiplete set of the Fern Journal. As I eagerly read I'ough the early issues, I was impressed by the number ^t specimens offered in exchange. In fact, in Vol. 1, . ^- 2, there is a list nearly three pages long of species «i the Fern Society's owni "Exchange Department." ^nd many individual members offered material from '^e to time, often in return for postage only. In recent J^ears it would seem, however, that collecting zeal has peached a very low ebb, judging from the pages of the ^'ournal. This may make it easier for the survival of 94 American Fern Journal rare species, which is good; but on the other hand, for persons who, like myself, wish to accumulate a private herbarium for study purposes, such a lack of published exchange offers means a good deal of fruitless correspon- dence. And in these days of necessarily curtailed travel, the obtaining of material by exchange is of special value. Accordingly, I would like to make the following offer : I will undertake to supply specimens of any species of Pteridophyta known to grow in the New England states, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, or Maryland, in exchange for species of Asplennim^ Pellaea, CheUantlieSy Notholaena^ or Woodsia that are not known to grow in the above-mentioned states. I would be interested also in alleged fern hybrids of any genus, with information regarding their occurrence. The specimens I supply will be well pressed, well de- veloped, and fertile, and will include rhizomes when these are not too bulky or the species too rare. They will be accompanied by typed labels bearing full data. I would like to receive material in a similar condition. I can also send living plants of Delaware and Maryland species in very small quantities.— George R. Proctok, 140 West Main St., Newark, Delaivare. Member The accession of many new members, as listed in recent issues, prompts this note as a reminder of the supple- mentary services which the Fern Society offers. The second cover page of each Journal carries formal men- tion of the existence of a Fern Society Library and a Fern Society Herbarium, both housed at the Brooklyn Miss From each of these collections members may receive loans for help in the identification and study of ferns from various parts of the country. The procedure in borrow- -am American Fern Society 95 ing is simple. For the Library, lists of books may be obtained from Miss Rusk, from which selections may be made; similarly for the Herbarium. The only charge IS the cost of packing, shipment, and insurance. Ar- I'aiigements may be made also to borrow through Miss Kusk special fern lantern slides for use in talks to local groups. I^rom time to time, through its more than half century 01 existence, Fern Society members have been given occasional additional helps — herbarium specimens and living plants of interesting species, and reprints of fern articles contributed by members or provided by the So- ciety. At the present time, there are, in varying num- ber, extra copies of the articles listed below. These may be obtained, as long as they last, by forwarding ten cents for postages, etc., to the Treasurer, American Fern So- ciety, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1000 Washington Ave.. Brooklyn 25, N. Y. The articles are : Waters, C. E. Analytical key for the ferns of the Northeastern States, based on stipes. (1928.) Wherry, E. T. Range extensions and other observa- tions, 1931-1932. Fern field notes, 1933. Fern field notes, 1934. ahurston, Susan H. Forcing a collection of native ferns of New England and the Middle Atlantic States for exhibition. (1939.) ^LAKE, S. P. State and local fern floras of the United States. (1941.) E.C.B. Members of the Fern Society will be interested in a ^evv publication just started by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden entitled "Plants and Gardens." The new jour- ^lal, a quarterly, is issued as Volume 1, No. 1, of a new series of the Botanic Garden Record. Emphasis will be placed on topics of interest to plant and garden lovers 96 American Fern Journal in general. An excellent start has been made in the spring issue of 64 pages, including many illustrations, of which four are fine color plants. Two of the contribu- tors, Dr. A. H. Graves and Dr. H. K. Svenson, are Fern Society members. The contents of the first number are as follows : Layout of the small plane Mary D. Lamson What's in a name? Henry K. Svenson The living tree Arthur H, Graves Shrubs for special uses Charles F. Doney Weed-killing chemicals George S. Avery, Jr. Why house plants fail Montague Free New Members ]Mr. Sten A. Anderson, 14649 Sylvan St., Van Nuys, California, Miss A. Viola Bissell, Rte. 5, Box 39A, Watsonville, California. Mrs. Anson S. Blake, Rincon Ed. near Arlington Ave., Berkeley 8, California, Dr. S. r. Blake, 2817 First Eoad X, Arlington, Virginia. Mrs. F. E. Cheesborough, 1611 Church St., Galveston, Texas. Miss Graham Crabtree, 4807 Alabama Ave., Chattanooga 9, Tenn. Dr. Linda B. Lang, Haines Falls, Xew York. Miss Jeanne Le Crenier, 36 Bobbins Drive, Wethersfield 9, Conn. Mr. W. A. Murray, 1320 Channing Ave., Palo Alto, California. Miss Helen Eamsay, 1328 Jerome St., Philadelphia 40, Pa, Changes of Address ■t Cpl. William B. Cooke, 1219 Xo. Franklin St., Philadelphia 22, Pa. Mr. Joseph B. Comstoek, Jr., 807 So. Inglcwood Ave., Inglewood, California. Cpl. Joseph M. Devlin, 33477266, Medical Detachment, 780th Field Artillery Bn., Fort Bragg, N. C. Mr. R. S. Earle, 101a Charles St., Boston 14, Massachusetts. Dr. Irving W. Knobloeh, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. 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Subscription, $5 a year for com- lete volumes (Jan. to Oct,)* Back volumes, as available, $6 each, ingle numi^rs, $1.50. Foreign postage: 40 cents. GENETICS Managing Editor: M. M. Ehoaoes Established 1916. Bi-moathiy. Subscription, $6 a year for complete volumes (Jan. to Dec.). Single numbers, $1.25 post free. Back volumes, as available, $7.00 each. Foreign postage: 60 cents* Department F, Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. T., TJ. ^ ^- amboscO Collect Supp ZT num * Eqyfpment an _M«fl^-f7^fta 'J F«fii Trowtis ♦ Field Rdct Hand L^nsei # PUnI Pr« Collecting Giei ♦ Driers Genyi Coven ♦ Mounllns Papers and Sundries ♦ ♦ Wiife, To-dmy, for Your Copy of FREE CATALOG F-PI CAM80SC0 SCIENTIFIC CO., BOSTON -^ - 4 f .^^ — -' -— ■ ■- ^m Vol. 35 October-December, 1945 No. 4 A m wtrrn: Mnn Mmml A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO FERNS P»bluk«4W^ AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY j^ EDITORS WILUAM R, MAXON R. C. BENEDICT C V. MORTON IRA L. WIGGINS *». CONTENTS Ferns and Fungi John A. Stevenson- 97 Crested Form of the Broad Beecb-fera Clyde F. Eeed 104 ^ent Range Extensions of Botrychium matricariae- foiium G. E. Fessenmw 105 Uttique Habitat for Maidenhair Spleenwort g Alton- A. Lisdset 109 ources of the Fern Flora of Colorado Joseph Ewas 114 aorter Note: Our Most-renamed NaUve Fern Recent Fern Literature Tf!u^^ ^®*'*» Society: Carl Christensen; Constitution of the Society 131 *ndex to Volume 35 137 A4^A p>4*^«*^ -f * A -4 ^^^fl 4« . w»^«-«-*^^-#-^1^^**4m^ 128 129 ANNUAL SUBSCRrPTJON. il.ZSt FORHGN. $1J5 CASTER, PA. QUEEN ST. AND McGQ^ttN' NEW «n The powdery mildews, so abundantly present on in- numerable other hosts from apples to zinnias, are strangely lacking on the ferns. The record to date for tliis country consists of the innocuous, though interest- ing, species Phyllactmia corylea on the Sensitive Fern {Onodea scnsihilu). Not the least noteworthy of all the fern fungi are the several tar-spot fungi. The Bracken is particularly bur- ened with these forms, the most common and wide- spread being a species with the intriguing technical name C'rt/p to mycina pteridis, or Cryptomyces pteridis as it has tar- J^ore commonly been known. This fungus covers the ower surface of infected fronds with numerous, linear, utl black, slightly raised patches in which the spores sre produced. Infected areas of the Bracken do not produce sori freely and it is possible that in this way ^e fungus may play some small part in checking the growth of this weedy fern. l' .'« ,^''' L-"^^ -^ Irtv ^.^^' .^.:>^ ;* ■_J_ ^ ^ , ^ L iL^Sti mm ■^ . '- V - - ^1 "^" »y' --i' f ^-■. IT-^l - -: '7*_A r-U F ,-^ ;^-x -:ffo'v ■^t- -' ■ ^ ^".^" f r n ■P^- DlRKCTLY Maidenhair Spleen wort 113 year show that this colony has no season of dormancy, despite the extreme summer heat on the lava bed outside the pit. The relative humidity May 12 at noon over the lava bed was only 4 per cent; that in the cavern close above the ferns was 45 per cent. January 14 at 1 P.M. the relative humidity outside was 29 per cent; within, the reading showed 55 per cent humidity. Both these days were cloudless. The hydrogen ion concentration of the water in the moat-like pool averages pH 7.6, and all the soil on the rock-island is moistened by capillary rise from the pool. In addition to the fern cavern described, nine other concealed pits, with overhanging roofs capable of main- taining a high relative humidity, were found in a lava area 1300 yards long by 200 yards wide. Four of the nine caverns have central rock islands similar to that supporting the fern colony, and most of the others have ledges where ferns might find a foothold near the water. Why this species occurs in only one of the ten pits is not easily explained. A species of moss, not yet found fruit- mgj creeps beneath the ferns. It seems a reasonable as- sumption that this moss constitutes a stage of succession preceding the stage of fern dominance here. For some in the other pits; and, therefore, soil to support Aspleniiim is still lacking in them. The fern garden is fortunately located for freedom from human disturbance or destruction. This part of the Grants Flow is just within the western boundary of the Acoma Indian Reservation, and is communal prop- erty of the Pueblo, used only for a limited amount of grazing. These circumstances hold promise for the in- definite preservation of this unusual habitat. Department of Biologt, Univehsitv op New Mexico. 114 American Fern Journal Sources of the Fern Flora of Colorado Joseph Ewan The 56 pteridophytes definitely known to occur in Colorado have probably been derived from three chief + sources. These are, in the order of their importance, the (1) holarctic, with a few dubious secondary deriva- tives, (2) Sierra Madran (Mexican), with a secondary Appalachian center of origin, and a (3) '^stratospheric" source, the last both small and puzzling. Wherry classified the ferns of Colorado (1938, p. 139) from the geographic standpoint in two main divisions: a cool-climate or northern and a mild-climate or southern group. The cool-climate group, in Wherry's opinion^ in- cludes (a) 23 ''circumborear' species, growing also in Eurasia, (b) eight northern North American derivatives and (c) two Rocky Mountain endemics. The mild-cli- mate group includes (d) nine southwestern upland spe- cies, (e) four Pacific slope plants, (f) five midland or eastern species, and (g) five widespread species of west- ern North America. The present analysis of the sonrces of Colorado's fern flora stresses the past migrations of its species and recognizes the part Colorado plays in the recognized floristic patterns of western North America. To be sure, the climatic basis for distinguishing tAvo major sources is fundamental in both Wherry's and the present analyses. HOLARCTIC SOURCE The species group including those ferns and lycosphens having origins from an holarctic source is the largest and most important, as might be anticipated. To this group belong 28 species, or one-half of the total fern flora Characteristic species are: uou Fern Flora of Colorado 115 Asplenkim viride Cystopteris montaaa A.inyrium alpestre var. Dryopieris FiUx-mas americanum Polystichum Lonchitis Crypfogramnia Stelleri All these occur today in nortliern North America, and in southern latitudes only as relicts along the higher mountain chains. Such relict distributions are to be interpreted as southward migrations stimulated by the refrigeration which took place over vast areas of the more northern portions of this continent and Eurasia at times of the Pleistocene glaeiations. The distribu- tion of these holarctic ferns in Colorado lends support to this concept of Pleistocene interglaeial migrations; Cystopteris montana and Dryopteris dilatata^ for ex- ample, linger as rare colonies in protected pockets below^ the broad tundra summits along the Continental Divide. This series of Pleistocene migrations was a feature of both the Rocky Mountain and the Pacific Coast Cordil- leras. ThuSj one of Colorado's holarctic species, Crypto- gramma crtspa subsp. acrosticJioideSy reached as far south on the Pacific Coast as Mt. San Jacinto, in Riverside County, California (N. Lat. 34°), w^here a stranded relict colony persists at an elevation of 10,805 feet. This recognition of past plant migrations is further substan- tiated by our knowledge of a group of holarctic flowering plant species likewise persisting on these outpost sum- mits ; thus, on Mt. San Jacinto occur also relict colonies of an orchid of northern distribution, the twayblade {Listera convallarioides) , and the alpine sorrel (Oxyria digyna)' — both species known from Colorado's tundra as well. Again, a little to the north, in California's barrier range lying between the coastal plain and the interior deserts, rises Mt. San Antonio with a small coterie of boreal species, among them the circumpolar composite Crepis nana. 116 American Fern Journal One member of the holarctic group in Colorado de- serves special comment for a pattern of distribution which it corroborates. This is the Grape-fern Botry- cMum multifidum subsp. Coulteriy which ranges in the Rocky Mountains from Montana and northern Idaho southward to Colorado. It is notably absent, however, from the adjacent Rocky Mountains of eastern Wash- ington but appears again in the Olympic Peninsula, an outlying station. This northern Idaho-Olympic Penin- sula pattern is shared by other plant species, among them Iledysarum occidentale. Reed Rollins, who has reviewed the genus (1940, p. 229), belicA^es Iledysarum occidentale made preglacial migrations into the present ■ disjunct areas where it persists. The Oregon and Cali- fornia stations of Botry chium multifidum subsp. Coulten are then, conceivably, colonizations from older popula- tions living today in the Olympics ; they are distinct in origin from the Colorado colonies, which I believe to have been derived from Idaho populations of this subspecies. Two Colorado ferns seem to show fundamentally a distant holarctic origin and yet a more immediate one from some secondary source. Polypodhim vulgare var. columhianum may be a member of the group designated by Piper (Fl. Wash., p. 52) as the Columbian Basin ele- ment. Athyrium Filix-femina var. calif ornicum ranges widely along the Pacific Coast, occupying a greater variety of sites. It is not always associated either with the North Coast coniferous forest element (cf. Mason, 1942, p. 287), or with the California element (cf. Piper, I.e.), but has invaded both plant communities. It must, too, have had an ancient holarctic source. The presence of these two ferns in Colorado may be due to one of three events, or to combinations among them. There has been either: (1) A floristic movement southward in the west- ern Cordilleras along two routes, or (2) a west-to-east J +r Fern Flora of Colorado 117 intermontane movement, or (3) a simply fortuitous dis- persal. If the present distribution is the result of a two- way southward movement in the western eordilleras, then one element passed down the Cascade-Sierra axis, an- other down the Rocky Mountains, without west-east movements across the Great Basin, judging from the morphologic distinctness of the two populations. This seems to have been the floristic history of Senecio tri- angtdaris, which has a western phase, Senecio trigono- phyllus^ in the Cascade-Sierra cordillera reaching into the mountains of southern California. Again, Delphinium Brownii grows in the northern Rocky Mountains and I>elphinium glauciim replaces it in the Cascade-Sierra axis. In the species-pairs of both Senecio and Del- phinium the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia har- bor a population of what may prove to be infraspecific races. The second possible interpretation is that more or less extensive west-to-east migrations took place through the Great Basin, the migrants possibly passing from one mesic habitat of an interbasin range to another across dry valleys and playas during more moist inter- vals of Pleistocene time. SIEREA MADEAN SOUECE The Sierra Madran element is a prominent component of the flora of the western United States.^ Species hav- n in the Mesa del Norte df northern Mexico and its bounding eordilleras have migrated northward, perhaps in successive migrations at intervals, during the * increasing aridity of the Southwest through Tertiary time. This Sierra Madran element is well flowering plants, some 40 species having been recognized in the flora of Colorado by Miss Dorothy Hay (Univ. known 1 Cf. Aselrod, Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. no. 476, 1937, and no. 516, 1939, ' ^ 118 American Fern Journal \ Colo., M.A. thesis, 1939). Four characteristic species are: Finns ediilis^ Datura meteloides^ Exipatorium tex- ense^ and Peri^ome caudata. Three fern genera in Colo- rado, i.e., CheilantheSy Notholaeiia, and Pellaea^ are diag- nostic members of this Sierra Madran element. There are seven species in Colorado, as follows : ^ Cheilanthes Eatoni Notholaena Fendleri Cheilanthes Feci Notholaena Standleyi Cheilanthes Fendleri Pellaea longimncronata Cheilanthes Wootoni A group of vascular plant species in North America has presumably originated, in part, as a secondary de- velopment of this Sierra Madran source. This is the Appalachian element of the southeastern United States, now somew^hat differently interpreted from the date of its first definition by C. C. Adams in 1902. Five Colo- rado pteridophytes may be recognized to have their sources to the eastward. These are: Aspleniiim platy- neuron, Athyrium angustitm var. rubellum, Pellaea airo- purpttrea, P. glaleUa var, occidentalism and Pteridium latiuscidum. Among seed-plants there exists collateral evidence of such Appalachian species persisting today in the state. For example, three species, all occurring in Boulder County, are Apios tuberosa^ Sanicida mary- landica, and Eupatorium maculatum. The probable route of migration of these Appalachian species into the Colorado area is not clear. They represent what the ecologist terms *'mesic species," that is, plants requiring a moderate but constant water supply. Today they are separated from their eastern congeners by the broad semi-arid high plains. Gleason has pointed out (1906, p. 150) that ''migration routes from this [Appalachian] center extend to the north and northwest, mainly along the uplands, and by far the largest part of the flora of the wooded portion of eastern United States, north to I Fern Flora of Colorado 119 the transition zone, can be referred to it/' The Appa- lachian group, having clear floristic relationships with the Mexican Sierra Madran element, represents, his- torically, a secondary source. It is possible to trace the sources of many genera of the eastern United States to this old Mexican center of differentiation. The present distribution of the sweet gum (Liquidamhar styracifliia) ^ which ranges northward from the Vera Cruz coast, demonstrates this relationship. Furthermore, Pennell notices (1935, p. 579) that the scrophulariaceous genus Seymeria has '^ convincingly '^ moved northward. This fact is demonstrated by the existence of structurally primitive species of Seymeria m southern Mexico, more advanced species in northern Mexico, and those showing the greatest transformation living today on the coastal plain of the southeastern United States. The same trend has been noticed by Trelease for the American oaks. Gleason, in his survey of the Xorth American Vernonias (1906, p. 150), di- rected attention to the fact that ''it is an easy matter to trace the species of Vernonieae in the United States back to an origin in Mexico.'' Again, he comments that ''migz-ation . , . has proceeded in two directions, north- ward through the prairie region and eastward along the coastal plain. ... In each direction one or more of the primitive structures have been lost, until in Michigan and Massachusetts they have disappeared eompletel}^'' (1923, p, 197). In so far as the Colorado fern members of this Appa- lachian group are concerned, migration into the state has apparently been along the Arkansas River catchment drainage, judging from their present-day distribution. Endemism in all plant groups is weak in Colorado, and no pteridophytes are well-marked endemics. All those species which are more or less geographically iso- i s 120 American Fern Journal STEATOSPHEKIC SOURCE The anomalous distribution of Asplcnium Adiantum- nigrum leads me to consider the possibility of a ''strato- spheric'' source. The distribution of this Asplenium in North America is its occurrence reputedly in Marion County, Florida,^ and in three western states : Arizona, at Flagstaff (AVherry, 1941, p. 97) ; Utah, at Zion Na- tional Park; and about the mouth of Boulder Canyon* 2 Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 19(2): 83. fig. 16. 1938. aCorreU, Amer. Fern Journ. 28: 49. 1938. *Type locality of Asplennim Andrewsii A. Nels., a synonvm- lated in the region have clear affinities with either the holarctic or the Sierra Madran groups. All appear to be forms of relatively recent origin. Three selaginellas (i.e.j Selaginella den^ay S. Standleyi, and ;S^. scopidoritm) , though characteristic Rocky Mountain species, show di- verse origins and affinities and today range beyond Colo- | radons borders. Botrychium matricariae folium subsp. hesperium Maxon & Clausen, localized in Colorado, may be seen from an examination of Clausen ^s map^ to be a southwestern derivative of the northern plant. The nearest station of typical B. matricariae folium is in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Botrychium lanceolatiim^ on the other hand, is an example of an holarctic species, frequent in the Pacific Northwest, which, though occur- ring today in widely separated stations in the Rocky ]Mountains, has so far failed to differentiate into an endemic phase at the southern limit of its range (cf. fig, 17). Asa Gray and J. D. Hooker in a consideration of the ''vegetation of the Rocky Mountain region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world" recog- nized (1880) that '*the characteristics of the Rocky Mountain flora . . . are in no small degree negative. What this flora lacks is perhaps more remarkable than what it possesses.'' r t i J I i » Fern Flora of Colorado 121 and at White Rocks near Valmont, Boulder Co., Colo- rado. Beyond this continent Asplenium Adiantiim- nigrum ranges from England and France to Africa, Asia Minor, and the Himalayas, More recently it h.as been detected in the Hawaiian Islands, where it is said to grow at elevations of 500 to 13,500 feet on the highest mountain of Hawaii, the extinct volcano Mauna Kea (Hartt and Neal, 1940, p. 263).^ The North American occurrences, alone, are anomalous when Florida is added to a more familiar Eoeky Mountain pattern of holarctic relicts. The possible misidentification of the Florida specimen must be considered. The anomalous distribution of certain other ferns known from North America would appear to place them in a group having a stratospheric origin. Thus, Ceterach Dalhoiisiae is know^n from the New World only from the Huachuea and Mule mountains of Arizona, otherwise from Abyssinia and the Himalayas.® Asplenium platy- neuron is a familiar fern of the southeastern United States, otherwise known from South Africa; this instance of disjunct distribution is approximated by the genus Menodora (Oleaceae), discussed by Cain (1944, p. 247) from Steyermark's data. Asplenium exiguum is a spe- cies of southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico, other- wise known from China and the Himalaya Mountains."^ Are these several ferns having discontinuous distribu- tions (a) epibiotics or ''survivals of a lost flora,'' (b) polytopie endemics, or (c) stratospheric species? Or do they indicate some other event in the past history of the world's floras? 5 Christenseii, Index FU. (p. 99) lists the Hawaiian Islands and "f Puerto Eico.'' Cf. Christ, Farnkrauter der Erde, 202. 1897; Fowler, Amer. Fern Journ. 30: 12. 1940. 6 Cf. Pojser, Fern Bull. 19: 36, and Clute, Hid. 19: 38-42. 1911. ^Cf. Maxon, Fern Bull. 19: 69. 1911; Amer. Fern Journ. 28: 140-141. 1938. f'; 122 American Fern Journal i- If these ferns are ^^ survivals of a lost flora, '^ using Ridley's phrase, for which he proposes the name *'epi- biotics/' we must look to some pattern of distribution of which they are a part. The general subject of ''discon- tinuous distribution'' has been treated most recently by Cain (1944, p, 242). Epibiotics are well illustrated, for example, by Aescuhis, There eight species or species- groups exist as living members of the genus (cf . Cain, fig. 34), along with their Tertiary fossil relatives which occu- pied more or less intervening areas. In short, the dis- junct present-day distribution of the species of Aesculus is readily seen as less disjunct when the fossil species are included in the total world picture. Edward W. Berry has elaborated this topic in detail with convincing maps for several tree species in his "Tree Ancestors." There is no collateral evidence from this body of data, however, which may illuminate our present problem with several ferns of spotwise around-the-world distribution. Cain's general thesis is, in the main, valid when he says that plants with light-weight propagules or dispersal units (that is, spores of mosses, ferns, etc.) ''show the same kinds of areas and disjunctions as do the relatively heavy-seeded flowering plants. Phytogeographical con- clusions concerning the flowering plants can be extended to cryptogams, and are supported by cryptogams" (1944, p. 284),- To be sure, the fact that replicated distribu- tional patterns are not displayed by Aspleniiim Adian- tum-nigrum, A. exigunm^ A. platyneuron, and Ceterach Dalhoiisiae does not rule out the possibility of their bein epibiotics. New information in plant dispersal mecha- nisms and plant distributions accumulates in ever- mounting volume with every critical generic study re- ported upon, and this may yet demonstrate the alignment of these now anomalous fern distributions with existing or recognized patterns or other patterns not now distin- ] - ^1 1 H 1 J I i ! Fern Flora of Colorado 123 gnished. Hulten encourages the search, with the opinion that ''the large disjunctions often noticed in the areas of vascular plants are not due to. sudden recent exten- sions of the area but to reductions'' (1937, p. 140). The second possibility, that of ''poly topic endemics/' may next be considered. A polytopic endemic is a dis- junct species confined to two or more far separated areas, which may have had either a monophyletic or polyphy- letic origin. Cain musters the evidence for a mono- phyletic and against a polyphyletic origin (1944, p. 274), but our chief concern at present is his observation that m the instance of "transcontinental discontinuities, which are purported to be explained by long-distance dispersal" the "exceptional activity of winds, bird flight, etc, must be invoked. ' ' In general, however, Cain stresses the "most widely accepted hypothesis," namely, that "polytopic forms are genetically and immediately related, and that the intervening area has been bridged m the past by a continuous series of populations, al- though not necessarily at any one time." Closely related is the view that Asplemum Adianhmi' m nigrum, or similarly disjunct species, may be considered "vicarious polydemics/' paraphrasing Willis, a term suggesting their "accidental dispersal." However, the Views of the biogeographer P. J. Darlington are cogent bere, when he says, "the first objection to the term 'accidentar dispersal ... is that many factors besides accident are involved" (1938, p. 274). It is no accident that some organisms, because of their nature and posi- tion, are able to cross water or be borne through the air more often than others. The dispersal of individual land organisms is of course largely accidental, but in the span of time statistical probability determines wJiat sorts of organisms will be dispersed. There remains the third hypothesis of causal agency to be considered here, that of dispersal as "stratospheric <-4 124 American Fern Journal man. Once the spores or light seeds are carried above the ground by whirlwinds they belong to a realm where ris- ing air currents are common. Though we think of wind as a horizontal force, meteorologists know that vertical air currents are really common above the ground. Furthermore, the zoologist R. C. L. Perkins describes small whirlwinds in the Hawaiian Islands which some- times carry dust up more than 2,000 feet (cf. Gulick; 1932). f' I i species." Stratospheric species are those whose spores travelled in the upper air currents, possibly enormous intercontinental distances, survived the drying effects of transport, and successfully established themselves in ecologically favorable far distant sites. ! We are familiar with the prodigious number of spores produced by ferns. Bower, for example, gives a compu- tation for Polypodium aureiim of 57,600 spores per single sorus! For Marattia fraxinea, where the soral areas are well defined, 45,000 spores have been computed for a single synangium. Follow up these facts with a second, | that of the lifting power of air, and the basis for a con- sideration of the wind dispersal of spores has been laid. Darlington points out that air currents, which act upon surface, have a proportionately greater effect upon small objects than upon large ones. To illustrate: An adult house mouse, weighing one ounce, has about fourteen times more surface for its weight than has an animal the weight of an average man. Finally, pressure exerted upon an object by wind varies about as the square of the velocity; thus, a wind of 100 miles an hour exerts 16 times more pressure upon a given object than a wind i 1 of 25 miles an hour. Or, to return to our mouse, a wind of 100 miles per hour has about 224 times more effect upon a mouse than a wind of 25 miles an hour has upon \ 1 f Fern Flora op Colorado 125 Do we Lave exact data on the transport of fern spores through the air for great distances? Our chief knowl- edge that fern spores do travel and reach new habitats and establish themselves successfully there is circum- stantial, and quite necessarily so. After the destruction of the vegetation of the East Indian island Krakatau by volcanic flow and smothering ash, botanists visited the island and noted the recovery of its flora. Gams reports (1938, p. 396) that after an interval of three years Krakatau supported 10 species of ferns j after fourteen years, 12 species; after 36 years, 49 species; and that, after 46 years, 63 species had established themselves upon the island. In this connection of spore and seed trans- port, the data presented by P. A. Glick in the course of his studies upon the floating insect populations of the air are of pertinent interest (1939) . Glick and his associates took data upon the distribution of insects in the atmos- phere, with the use of gelatine collecting-plates carried aloft on airplane flights over Tallulah, Louisiana, in 1931. Seeds were recovered, along with the insect mate- rials, and seeds identified as those of Erigeron were taken at altitudes of 3,000 feet, Popnhis seeds at altitudes of from 200 to 3,000 feet, and, on those days when the upper air was *' slightly rough'' to ''rough/' and when convection currents were strong, the seeds of Paspaltim TJrvillei were encountered up to 5,000 feet. R- E. Holttuzn reviews the topic of spore dispersal among tropical pteridophytes (1938, p. 422) but has few precise data to offer. He says, ''it is well established that spores mav be distributed f reelv bv the wind, and the f ac- tor which limits the ability of a fern to spread and estab- lish itself on new ground is not the ability io travel over long distances, but the ability to survive during the process of transport. . . . Fern spores carried by winds in the tropics must be able to withstand full exposure 126 American Fern Journal to sun and relatively dry air during the day for consid- erable periods if they are to travel far/' Thin-walled spores would surely be sharply limited in their dispersal I range. J. J. Christensen, in writing of the spores of i fungous pathogens (1942, p. 78), has no supporting evidence for transoceanic dispersal when he writes, * ' there is virtually no information in regard to wind dis- semination of spores of pathogens across the equatorial zone. There is circumstantial evidence that spores are not blown commonly from [the North American] conti- nent to [the South American] continent. '^ Further- more, ''the fact that only a relatively few races of stem ; rust of wheat occur in Kenya, Africa^ and in Australia j is indicative that large bodies of water are effective bar- ; _ • I riers to long-distance dissemination of pathogens by air i currents." In this regard, ^* precipitation in many | regions unquestionably plays a very important role in preventing long-distance spread of spores and perhaps is the most important agent in preventing interconti- nental exchange of wind-borne spores." Of the three objections which Cain says may be marshalled against the theory of long-distance dispersal (1944, p. 284), the third of his trio is critical, namely, that ''it must be demonstrated that the arriving diaspores [or propagules] can be delivered, so to speak, in a viable condition to a suitable habitat where they must also be able to enter and compete in a closed community." The fact that \ many habitats are not closed, or only temporarily so, is of course to be remembered. Studies of Krakatau give us data for relatively short transport by air, and not for dispersal over great oceanic distances. To those who cannot admit stratospheric dispersal as effective for the anomalous distribution of such ferns as Aspleniiim Adianfum-nigrum, let it be said that to deny is easier than to affirm. Our present need is for abun- \ \ I J Fern Flora of Colorado 127 daut data from gelatine plate collections made on trans- oceanic flights by aircraft. It is essential to have precise mformation as to what types of fern spores are most widelj' distributed, and in what numbers and at what , altitudes they occur. For, of the many agencies which operate in seed dispersal among higher plants it is said that ''none . . . are adequate to traverse the thousands of miles necessary to cross the oceans/' Yet, ''some niosses and ferns have minute spores which remain viable for long periods and may very well have been widely spread by air currents'' (D. H. Campbell, 1943, p. 5). LITERATUEE CITED Cain, Stanley A. Foundations of plant geography. 556 pp. 1944. Campbell, D. H. Continental drift and plant distribution. 43 pp. ''Privately printed for the author'^ [Stanford Univ. Press] 1943. Christensen, J. J. Long distance dissemination of plant patho- gens. Aerobiology (A.A.A.S. Publ. 17: 78-87). 1942, Dakli>jgtox, P. J. Origin of the fauna of the Greater Antilles, with discussion of dispersal of animals over water and through the ain Quart. Eev. Biol. 13: 274-300. 1938. <3-AMs^ H. Oekologie der extratropisehen Pteridophyten. In F. Verdoorn, Man. Pteridology, Chap. XII, 382-419. 1938. Gleason, H. A. A revision of the North American Vernonieae. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 4: 144-243. 1906. . Evolution and geographical distribution of the genus Vernonia in North America. Amer. Journ, Bot. 10: 187-202, 1923. Glick, p. a. The distribution of insects, spiders, and mites in the air. U. 8. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 673. 1939. Oulick, Addison, Biological peculiarities of oceanic islands. Quart. Eev. Biol. 7: 405-427. 1932. [Contains an e:£cellent bibliography of 68 titles.] Hartt, C. E., and M. C. Neal. Plant ecology of Ma una Kea, Hawaii. Ecology 21: 237-266. 1940. HOLTTUM, E. E. The ecology of tropical pteridophytes. In F. Verdoorn, Man. Pteridology, Chap. XIII, 420-450. 1938. HrLT^N, Eric. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary Period, pp. 1-168. 43 pis. Stockholm, 1937. 128 American Fern Journal Mason, H. L. Distributional history and fossil record of Ceano- thus. In M, Van Kenssolaer, Ceanothus, 281-303. 1942. EOLLiNS, Eeed. studies in tlie genus Hedysarum in North Amer- ica. Ehodora 42: 217-239. 1940. Wherry, E. T. Colorado ferns, Amer. Pern Journ. 28: 125-140. 1938. -. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum in Arizona, ibid. 31 97-100. 1941. S^viiTHSONiAN Institution. Shorter Note Our Most-renamed Native Fern. — The dubious honor of fitting this characterization can apparently be claimed by the American Ostrich Fern. It has been referred successively to the genera Onocleay Striitliiopteris, Mat- teuccia^ and Pteretis; and under these its species epithet has been variously 7iodulosay strut Jiiopteri^y germawcGy pensylvanica (as first spelled), and pennsylvanica. In addition, it has been made a variety: Many years ago Lo^ve classed it as StrutMopieris germanica var. pen- sylvanica; and the late 0. A, FarAvell, who revelled in creating complicated new combinations, managed to find bases for naming it both Pteretis strutJiiopteris and Struthiopteris struthiopteris var. pensylvanica. In 1916 Xieuwland made it Pteretis nodulosa, which stood up under the scrutiny of all the authorities on fern nomen- clature for some 29 years. But now Prof. M. L. Fernald^ finds that, as well as all other combinations of these mul- tiple epithets heretofore made, to be invalid I He holds that a strict application of the current rules of nomen- clature requires one that no one happened to create be- fore — Pteretis pensylvanica. How long will this stand? Edgar T. Wherry, University of Pennsylvania. 1 Ehodora 47: 123. 1945. E , r Recent Fern Literature 129 Recent Fern Literature In a brief article in the Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin for April, 1945, Henry N. Andrews traces the ancestry of the modern Pine-fern, Anemia adiantifolia^ of Florida and the American tropics generally, back through geologic time. In Cretaceous shale-beds in west- ern "Wyoming are found fossil Anemias very similar in foliage to this surviving relative and with w^ell-preserved fruiting panicles. If these are coated with celloidin and the mineral matter is dissolved out with hydrofluoric acid, sporangia sticking to the celloidin film can be dis- sected in an oxidizing chemical and any spores they contain made to fall out, much as with living material. Fossil spores thus obtained are very like those of living Anemias in their markings; the cell-structure of the sporangia is similar also in modern and fossil specimens. Fossil fern-stems in the same formations, known under the name Tempskya^ are suspected to belong with the Anemia foliage, but this has not been proved. In much older formations (Carboniferous) are found ferns called Seftenhcrgia^ widely different in foliage, but having s2:)orangia with thickened cells at the apex niuch as in Sehizaeaeeae of the present day — thus carry- mg the ancestral line far back in the earth's history. — Weatherby. <7ra?y He Gualterio Looser continues his excellent work on the ferns of Chile with a thorough and scholarly treatment of the genus Asplenium in that countr}',— the first, he tells us, since that in Gay's ''Historia" (1853). Looser recognizes 9 species: A. trilohum^ A. GiUiesii, A. fragile (in an endemic variety only), A. monanthes, A. obliquum (in two varieties). A, macrosornmj A stellatum, A. iripJiylluniy and A. dareoides {A. mag ellanicum) . Of these, four — A. macrosorum, A. stellatum, A. oUiqwmi 130 American Fern Journal var. cJiondrophyllitm, and A, dareoides — are found on the small archipelago of Juan Fernandez, — the first three only there, though Seiior Looser remarks that the variety of A, ohliqimm differs very little from the plant of the mainland. Aspleniums, like other ferns, are rare in the dry and arid northern half of Chile. Four species — A. dareoides, A, fragile, A, GiUiesii, and A, triphylliini — have been found there, all in comparatively recent years and at single localities. All but the first are Andean species, spreading southward ; it has presumably migrated from the south. The other species, and in by far the greatest abun- dance, are inhabitants, terrestrial or epiphytic, of the forests of the southern half of Chile. Two of them, A. dareoides and A. trilohiim, are known only from Chile and the immediately adjacent parts of Argentina. Senor Looser gives a key to the species, and for each a full bibliography, citation of specimens, and an illustra- tion — where possible a reproduction of that accompany- ing the original description. There is also a list of species doubtfully or wrongly attributed to Chile."^ — C- He M of Tennessee ferns with an article on the lipferns. Three species of CheilantJies are known from the state, ^ C, tomentosa, C. lanosa, and C. alahamensiSj the first being rather rare and the others fairly common in suit- able habitats. As in others of this series of papers com- plete descriptions are given, line drawings with details for each species, and maps showing distribution within the state.— C.V.M, 1 Looser, G. Sinopsis de los "Asplenium'' (FUices) de Chile Lilloa 10: 233-264, 3 pis., 2 text figs. 1944. 2 Some notes on the Tennessee Upferns. Journ. Tenn, Acad Sci. 19; 306-322, 1944. I American Fern Society 131 American Fern Society Carl Christensen I Carl Fredrik Albert Christensen was born January 16, 1872, at D011ef jelde, on the island of Lolland in southern Denmark, and died November 24, 1942. He entered the University of Copenhagen in 1891, where he studied botany with the famous ecologist Eugenius Warming. He received the degree Master of Science in 1900 and later the same year married Miss Aff Derschen. For a number of years he taught in the secondary schools of Copenhagen until, in 1916, he was appointed Amanuensis at the Botanical Museum of the University. In 1920 he was appointed Curator of the Museum, a position he held until 1933. . Chi'istensen's interest in ferns dated from his student days. When preparing his first publications on ferns he felt keenly the lack of an Index to the group, notable for its intricate synonymy. He undertook the gigantic task of going critically through all the literature, the result being his *^ Index Filicum'' (1905-1906), a re- markably finished work, considering the relatively few years spent in its preparation, that brought him fame. Collectors and museums in nearly all parts of the world sent him their ferns for determination. In connection with this work he published numerous descriptions of new species and memoirs on taxonomic and phytogeo- graphical problems in pteridology. Among tlie more important of these papers are his '* Revision of the Cochlidiinae and Drymoglossinae'' (1929), the ''Pterido- phyta of Madagascar'^ (1932), beautifully illustrated with line drawings of almost all the species, and his chap- ter on Filicinae in the ^^Manual of Pteridology^' (1938). His most important contribution to fern literature is his ^'Monograph of the Genus Dryopteris'' (1913-1920), 132 American Fern Journal in which he devised a classification into subgenera based largely on new characters of hairs, scales, and venation. This fundamental w^ork deals only with the species of tropical America. He never found time to extend his monographic work to the species of other parts of the W'Orld. Christensen is w^ell known also for his works on his- torical botany. In 1918 he published a book on the life and journeys of Pehr Forsskal, a contemporary and pupil of Linnaeus. In this book he showed a talent for historical writing^ and in the next year was requested by several botanists to write a history of Danish Botany. He acceded to the request and wrote the ** History of Danish Botany with Bibliography ' ' (1924r-1926), a book written in a manner that makes it not only informatory but also entertaining reading. He was keenly interested also in Danish floristics, and in company with four other botanists formed a society called '^Pentandra," which made botanical excursions each year to different parts of Denmark, His only extensive collecting trip to foreign countries w^as to Spain and Portugal in 1921, accom- panied by the Danish botanist Axel Lange. Christensen was a delegate of Denmark to the Inter- national Botanical Congresses in Cambridge (1930) and Amsterdam (1935), and was appointed a member of the International Committee of Nomenclature. He w^as elected an honorary member of the American Fern Society in 1915. His loss will be regretted by all mem- bers and by a world-wide circle of friends and correspon- dents. — E, AsPLUND, Naturhistorisha Biksmuseei^ Stock- holm. American Fern Society 133 CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY, INC.^ Article I. Name Section 1. The name of this society shall be The American Fern Society, Incorporated. Article II. Objects Section 1. The objects of the Society shall be to affiliate those who are interested in the study of ferns and allied plants, to foster such an interest, to encourage correspondence and ex- change of specimens between members^ and the publication of matter pertaining to this group of plants. Article III, Membership Section 1. Any person interested in the objects of the Society shall be eligible to membership. Section 2. Application for membership accompanied by the re- quired fee of one dollar and fifty cents may be made at any time to the Secretary, and when so received, approved by two members of the Council, and acknowledged, the applicant shall be considered a member for the current year. Section 3. The admission fee shall be one dollar and fifty cents payable when application for membership is made. This fee shall also constitute the dues for the current year. Section 4, The annual dues shall be one dollar and fifty centSj payable on January first of each year. Section 5. Any eligible person may become a life niomber on payment, at any one time, of a fee of twenty-five dollars, and shall thereafter be subject to no dues nor assessments. All such fees shall be held and inv^ested as a permanent fund, the principal of which shall not be expended, but the income from which may be used for the purposes of the Society on vote of the Council, Contributions for the purpose and other avail- able moneys may be added to this fund at the discretion of the Council- Section 6. Honorary members may be chosen when unanimously nominated by the Council, and their names submitted to the members at the next succeeding aimual election. Three annual 1936 and 1940. 134 American Fern Journal fourths of the votes cast on the question shall be required for election^ and the total number cast must be at least twenty. Honorary members shall be entitled to all the privileges of the Society without payment of dues. The number of such mem- bers shall not exceed five at any one time. Section 7. Every member in good standing is entitled to all the privileges of tlie Society including its publications. Section 8. Members one year in arrears for dues who have been twice notified of their indebtedness shall be considered not in good standing and shall forfeit all privileges of the Society including its publications. Any such member may be rein- stated at any time during the succeeding year by the payment of arrears to the Treasurer. If at the expiration of this second year and without justifying cause his dues shall remain unpaid, he shall cease to be a member of the Society, provided; however, that the Council shall have the power to remit any dues for reasons which it considers sufficient. Article IV. Officers Section 1. The officers of the Society shall be a President, Vice- President, Secretary, and Treasurer. Their term of office shall begin January first and they shall serve for one year, or until their successors are duly chosen. Section 2. The President shall be in immediate charge of the gen- eral interests of the Society; he shall appoint all committees not otherwise provided for, and shall report annually to the Society. On or before December 31 of each year, he shall appoint one who is not an officer, and need not be a member of the Society, who shall audit the accounts of the treasurer for that year and who shall report to him as soon after the close of the year as possible. Section 3. The Vice-President shall act in the absence or disability of the President. Section 4. The Secretary shall keep the records of the Society, including the official list of members, and conduct the corre- spondence pertaining to his office. He shall turn over to the Treasurer all money received and shall report annually to the Society. Section 5. The Treasurer shall receive and hold all moneys be- longing to the Society subject to the direction of the Council, receipt for dues, pay bills when approved in the manner pre- scribed by the Council, make nn nnnual renort to the Society, American Fern Society 135 and at the end of his term of office shall deliver to his succes- sor all money and other property of the Society in his pos- session. At such times as the Council shall direct, he shall furnish the Council with a statement showing his financial transactions since the date of his previous report, any outstanding indebted- ness, the cash balance in hand, and such other simple facts as shall enable the Council to know clearly the financial con- dition of the Society at the time. He shall close his accomats for the year promptly as of December 31 of each year, and as soon as practicable thereafter shall place in the hands of the auditor such records, vouchers, etc., as shall make possible a proper auditing of his accounts. Section 6. The unexpired term or vacancy in any office shall be filled until the ensuing election by api>ointment by the Council. Article V. Coxtncil Section 1. The President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer, and Editor-in-Chief shall constitute a standing committee to be known as the ^'Council.*' Section 2. The Council shall have general charge of the affairs of the Society; of its publications and property; shall have power to expend the Society 's money and to act upon all ques- tions not requiring a vote of the Society. ARTiciiE VI. Elections Section 1, Before the first day of September of each year, the President, with the approval of the Council, shall appoint a nominating committee, consisting of a chairman and two other members, none of whom shall be an officer of the Society. Section 2. This committee shall nominate officers for the ensuing year and forward the list of nominees to the President before October fifteenth. Any other nominations, if endorsed by three members in good standing and received by the Secre- tary not later than October fifteenth, shall be incorporated in the ballot for that year. Section 3. The President shall immediately thereafter appoint some member not a candidate for office to act as Judge of Elections, and shall forward his name together with the list of nominees to the Secretary. Section 4. The Secretary shall before November first send to eacli member of the Society a notice of the election, giving a list 136 American Fern Journal of the nominees and the name and address of the Judge of Elections, to whom each member shall send his ballot. Section 5. Balloting shall begin November first and end December mm first. send to the Secretary a true statement of the ballots cast and shall send the ballots to the chairman of the nominating com- mittee. The candidate receiving the largest number of votes shall be declared elected, and shall be notified of his election by the Secretary. In case of a tie the nominating committee shall cast the deciding vote and shall notify the Secretary of. its action. ] Article VII. Amendments Section 1. Proposed amendments to this Constitution must be pre- sented to the Secretary in writing before October first, signed by three members. The Secretary shall publish such proposed amendments with the notice of the next annual election and they shall be voted upon at that election. If two-thirds of the votes cast for any proposed amendment are in favor of its adoption, and provided that not less than twenty votes are east on the question of its adoption, the amendment shall be de- clared adopted. \ Index to Volume 35 0; exiffiuim, 121, 122; fragrans, 5; fragile, 129, 130; Gilliesii. Abundance of Selaginella in Okla- homa, 52 Acrostichura Caenopteris, 52 Adiantum. 102; Capillus- Veneris, 59; glanduliferum, 55; pedattiin, 59, var. aleuticum, 90; tenerum, 50 Alsophila pruinata, 55 ; quadri- pinnata, 55 Alternaria, 103 American Fern Society, 27, 64, 93, 131 Andrews, Henry N. The Pine- fern — A Living Link with the Past (Review), 129 Anemia adiantifolia, 129 Anetium, 7; citrifolium, 8 Anisosorus, 8 Asplenmm, 8, 61, 63, 94; abscis- sum, 46; Adiantum-nigrum, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126; angustifolium, 102; auritum, 45; cryptolepis, 64; dareoides, 129, 130; denta- tnm, 50, 51; ebenoides, 64, 67, 70 - - 45 129, 130; macrosorum, 129; ma- geilanicum, 129 ; monanthes, 129; Nidus, 76; obllauum, 129, var. chondrophyllum, 130; platyneu- ron, 108, 118, 121, 122, x Camp- tosorus rhizophyllus, 67; sep- tentrionale, 90 ; serratum, 51 ; stellatum, 129 : Tridiomanes. 110; trllobum, 129, 130; triphyl- iTim, 129, 130; verecundum, 50; viride. 115 Asplund, E. Carl Christensen. 131 Athyrium, 98; alpestre var. amen- canum, 115; angtistum f. crista- tnm, 35, f. elegans, 35, var. rubellum, 118; cyclosorum, vb; Filix-femina var. californicum, 116 ; pycuocarpon, 102 Ballard, F. A New Fern Genus from Mexico and Guatemala, 1 Benedict, Ralph C. Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern Hybrids, 65 Rleehnum aurtrulatum. 55 Botrychinm, 17, 58, 63, 64 : aus- trale, 59; dissectum, 37, 38, 39, 60, 108, var. obliquum, 108, var, oneidense, 60; lanceolatnm, 120, subsp. angustisegmentum, 1*. subsp. tvpioum, 17 ; Lunana, 59 : matricariaefolium. 59, lOo, 106, 107, li)8, 120, subsp. hes- perium, 120; multifidum, 38, 39, subsp. Coulteri, 116, var. inter- medium, 60, var. oneidense, 37, 38. 39, var. silaifolium, 39: neg- lectum, 105; obliquum, 37, 38, 39; ramosum, 105; simplex var. tenebrosum, 60, 106; virginia- num, 108 Bracken, 56, 97, 101 Brown, Hubert H. Schizaea pu- silla from Ontario, Canada, 40 Calymella, 87 Camptosorus rhizophyllus, 102 Campyloneurum phyllitidis in Southern Florida, 50 Campyloneurum angustifolium, 50 ; costatum, 50 ; latum. 50 ; phyllitidis, 50, 51 Catacauma, 101 Cephalothecium, 102 Cercospora, 102 Ceterach Dalhousiae 121, 122 Cheilanthes. 61, 94, 98, 99; ala- bamensis, 130 ; Eatonii, 118 ; Feei. 118; Fendleri, 118; lanosa, 130; siliquosa, 40, 41; tomentosa, 130; Wootonii, 118 Cheiroglossa, 7 Cibotium Schiedei, 102 Clausen, Robert T. Hybrids of the Eastern Norfh American Subspecies of Lycopodium cora- planatum and L. tristachyum, 9 Cochlidium, 7 Completoria, 102 Constitution of the American Fern Society, 133 Crested Form of the Broad Beech- fern, 104 _ . . Cryptogramma, 62 99: crispa subsp. acrostichoides. Ho; fetei- leri, 115 Cryptomyces, 101 Cryptomycina, 101 Cyathea, 8; arborea, 6, 7; diver- gens, 48 r-- 7fl. Cyclophorus adnascens, *o, TO , varius, 75 Cvlindrocladium. 102 Cystopteris bulbifera, 54; fragiUs. 54. 92, 98, 99, 100, var genuma, 54, var. laurentiana. 54, 55, 9.^, van Mackayii, 54, var. protrusa, 54; montana, 115 Danaea. 8; elliptlca, 8 Da va ilia solida. 76 Dennstaedtia. 21, 23 ; arcuata, 22 grossa, 23 ^« . .^ i k Dicranopteris, 8, 87; bifida, 5 emarginata, 88, 89; kawaiensis 89; sandwicensis, SS 89 Diplazium, 8; grandifolium, 46 obscurum, 46 Dix W L. Observed Character- istics of Botrychium multihdum var. oneidense, 37 Doryopteris, 8 Drvnaria quercifolia, Tn Drvopteris, 8. 61. 70, m 99; am- pla 50; argentina. 55; arguta, 100; atropaiustris. 60; Boottu, 73: Clintoniana, 60, vjir atro- paiustris, 60. var, nnstralis, ^. X Goldiana, 73, x intermedia, 73 , 137 138 w American Fern Journal cristata, 60, 65, 67, 68, x inter- luedia, 73, x iiiarg:inalis, 65, 67, 68, 73 ; dilatatu, 115 ; exculta var. guatenialensis, 46 ; Filix-nias, 115; Goldiana, 74, x intermedia, 73, X marginalis, 73; hexagono- ptera f. Simonii, 105 ; intermedia, 60, 73; Linkiana, 46; niarginalis, 65, 67, 74, 99, 100; normalis, 102; Phegoptoris, 64 ; spinulosa, 60, 73, 99, var. intermedia, 36; sub- incisa, 46; Thelypteris, 100, var. Haieana, 60, var. pubescens, 98 Earliest Collection of Onocleopsis, 52 Elaphoglossiim, 7; proliferans, 46 Elizabeth killings and Her Fern Garden, 33 Equisetuni, 61, 62; arvense, 26, 60, var. borenle, 60; Ferrissii, 92; hyemale, 92. var. affine, 61, var. robustum, 61; kansanum, 64, 92; laevlgatuni, 57, 60, f. proliferum, 56, 57; Nelsonii, 64; prealtum, 60, 92 ; trachyodon, 64 EAvnn, Joseph. Sources of the Fern Flora of Colorado, 114 Fadyenia, 8 Ferns and Fungi, 97 Fern Collecting in Southern Costa Rica, 41 Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico, 4 Fern Names in Bartram's Travels, 1791. 23 Ferns to Exchange, 93 Ferns on Pacific Island Coconut Trees. 74 Fesisenden, G. R. Recent Range Extensions of Botrychium ma- tricariaefolium, 105 Filix Osmunda, 24; scandens, 24 Flowers, S. Ferns of Utah (Re- view), 61 Further Suggestions for the Utili- zation of Bracken in Great Britain. 56 Gleichenella. 87 Gleichenia, 87, 88; dichotoma var. emarginata, 89, var. tonientosa, 89; emarginata, 89; hawaiensis, 89 Glomerella, 102 Graves, Arthur H., & Walter S. Allen. Report of Auditing Committee, 31 Hawkes, Alex D. Campyioneu- rum phylHtidis in Southern Floridn, 50 Hecistopteris pumila, 46 Hemidictyuni, 8 Hemlonitis. 8 HemUelia, 8; multiflora. 45 Hicriopteris, 87; glauca. 88; pin- nata. 88 Humata heterophylla, 76 Hyalopsora, 98. 99 Hybrids of the Eastern North American Subspecies of Lyco- podium complanatum and L. tristachyum, 9 Hynienodium, 7; crinitum, 8 FTymenolepis mucronata, 76 Hymenoi>hyllum, 7, 8 litis, Hugh H. Abundance of Selagiuella in Oklahoma, 52 Inrlument of Cystopteris fragilis, Isoetes, 61, 62 ; ambigua, 83 ; asia- tica, 81; beringensis, 85; Boottii, 81; Braunii, 77, 78, 79. 83, 84, 86, f. astoma, 83, var, maritima, 85, f. oligostoma, 83, f. poly- stoma, 83, f. robusta, 82; Ba- tonii, 82, f. Gravesii, 82; echino- spora, 77-81, var. asiatica, 81, f. astoma, 83, f. astoma subf. lati- velata. 83, var. Braunii, 83, var. Braunii f. Boottii, 81, var. Braunii f. Flettii, 85, var. Braunii f. maritima, 85, var. Braunii f. niuricata, 81, var. Braunii f. robusta, 82, var. Boottii, 78, 81. var. Brittonii, 78, 79. m, var. Flettii, 79. 85, var. maritima, 85, var. muricata, 81, f. oligostoma, as, f- oligo- stoma subf. lativelata, 83 f. polystoma, 83, f. polystoma subf. lativelata, 83, var. robusta, 78. 82, var. truncata, 79, 86; ecua- doriensis, 49; Engelmannii var. valida, 82; Flettii, 85; foveolata, 49; Gravesii. 82; Karstenii, 48; Klllipii, 49; lacustris. 85, var. fossilis, 83; Lechleri. 49; Ma- counii, 79, 85; macrospora, 61; maritima, 79, 80. 84, 85, var. Flettii, 85; Martii, 49; muricata, 77, 7S, 80, 81, var. Braunii. 83, var. hesperia, 84, f. robusta, 82 ; pucifica. 49; riparia, 61, 77, 78; sacchnrata, 61; triquetra, 49; truncata, 80. 85, 86; valida, 82, var. Gravesii. 82 Isoetites Braunii, 83 Kittredge, Elsie M. Elizabeth Bil- lings and Her Fern Garden, 33 Knowlton, C. H. Report of Judge of Elections. 31 Jones, George Neville. Flora of Illinois (Review), 63 Lastrea Filix-mas var. abbreviata, 36 Leptochilus Bradeorum, 46; cla- dorrhizans, 46 IJchten stein, Juana S. ^ Ofioglo- saceas de lu Argentina (Re- viexv), 58 .^ Lindsnea, 8; horizontalis, 46, Ifincea. 46; quadrangular is, 46 Lindsey, Alton A. Unique Habi- tat for Maidenhair Spleenwort, 109 Looser. G. Sinopsis de los As- pleninm de Chile (Review), 130; Two Chilean Pteridophytes of Commercial Importance, 55 1 1 ! Index to Volume 35 139 Lophklium elegans, 44 L-ophosoria quadripinnnta, 55 Lycopodium, 9, 10, 14, 17, 25, 61; annotinnm, 25, 26; complana- tum, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 25, 26, subsp. complanatiini, 17, 18, subsp. flabelliforme, 17, 18, 19, subsp. flabt^lliforme x trista- chyuiii, 10, 12, var. flabelliforme, 9-17, var. intormediuin, 15; fla- belliforme, 16, 17, 25, 26; funi- forrne, 7; Habereri, 11, 13, 14, 17; inundatum, 61, 64, var. ad- pressum, 61, var. Bigelovii, 61; liicidulum, 11; obsourum, 11, 25, 61, var. dondroideum, 26, 61; paniculatum, 55 ; IMiIegmaria, 76; porophilum, 64, 92; reflexum, 5; sabiiiat'fulium, 11; Solago, 92, var. patoiis, 64; tristacbyum, 10-20, 25, 26, var. Habereri, 14, 17 Lygodium palmatum, 24 ; scan- dens, 24 Manske, Ricliard H. F., & L4o Marion. Alkaloids of Lycopo- diiim Species (Review), 25 Marattia fraxinea, 124 Marssonina, 102 Matteuccia, 3, 128; Strutliiopteris, 2 Maxon, "Wniiam R. New Tropical American Ferns — XV, 21 Merrill, E. D. Fern Names in Rartram's Travels, 1791, 23 lUertensia emarginata, 88, 89 ; hawaiiensis, 89 Milesia, 97, 98 Morton, C. V. New Species of Isoetes from Colombia, 48 ^Tephrolepis, 7; exaltata. 76, 102; liispidula, 76 New Fern Genus from Mexico and Guatemala, 1 New Species of Isoetes from Co- lombia. 48 New Stations for Equisetum lae- vigatUm f. proliferum, 56 New Tropical American Ferns XV, 21 Northwestern Limits of Cysto- pteris fragilis var. laurentiana, 93 Notes on Illinois Pteridophytes, 92 NotholMcna, 61, 94, 99; Fendleri, 118; Standleyi, 118 Obituary : Carl Christensen. 131 Observed Characteristics of Botry- chium niultifidum var. onei- dense, 37 . ._ Oleandra, 7, 21; costaricensis, 47; dura, 21; Lehmanuii, 21; pilosa, 21, 22 Onoclea. 3, 98, 128; sensibilis, 3, 100 Onocleopsis, 1, 3, 52, 53; Hin- tonii, 1 Ophioglossum, 8. 58; crotalopho- roides, 58, 59, 63; elHpticum, 58; Engelmannii, 64; nxidicaule, 59, var. tenerum, 63; opacum, 58; pusillum, 63 ; reticulatum, 5 ; tenerum, 63; valdivianum, 58; vulgatum, 59, 60, 63, 108 Osmunda, 25, 98; cinnamomea, 98; Clavtoninna, 98, f. Mackiana, 34; regalis, 98, 100, f. orbiculata, 34, var. spectabilis, 62 Our Most-renamed Native Fern, 128 Paltonium, 7 Pellaea, 94, 98, 99; atropurpurea, 118; glabella var. occidentalis, 118; longimucrouata, 118 Pellicularia, 103 Pestalotia, 102 ^.^. ^^ Phegopteris, 64; connectilis, bl Phillips, Walter S. Some Notes on Arizona Ferns, 90 Phvllactinia, 101 Phvllitis, 63 Phyllosticta, 102 Pitvrogramma, 99 Pla'tyzoma, 87 Polybotrya, 7: s^r^-'^t^fo^^^i' ^2 ^^ Polypodium, 7, 45. 62, 99. 102, 103; aureum, 124; ceteraccmum. 61; chnoodes, 45: fraxinifolium, 48; nigrescens, 75; pectinatum, 45; polvpodioides var. Michauxia- num, 64; punctatum, 76; scolo- pendria, 74, 76; virginianum, 99; vulgare var. columbianum, 11 R Polvstichum, 8 ; acrosticboides, 100, f. Gravesii, 35; J^^^i^^^h- forme, 101; Lonchitis, 91, 115; muuitum, 99, 100 . x. ^ Problems and Objectives in the Study of Fern Hybrids, 65 Proctor. George R. Ferns to Ex- change, 94 Psilogramme portoncensis, w Psilotum nudum. 76 Pteretis, 98; nodulosa, 101,^ 1^, pensylvanica, 128; Struthiopte- ri 8 Pteri«lium, 8, 64, 97. 98, 102; aquilinum, 98. var. latiusculum, 59, var. pseudocaudatum, oy, Ifltiuscnlum. 118 „ Pteris multitida in Texas, 53 Pteris. 8, 102; longifolia 102, multifida, 53; scandens, 24 Pythiuin, 102 Rn pp. William F., Jr. New Sta- tions for Equisetum laevigatnm f. proliferum, 56 Recent Fern literature, 2o, 5j, 1-J Recent Range Extensions ot Ko- trvchium niatricariaefohum, 105 Reed, Clyde P. County l^istribu- tloi of the Ferns and Fern Al- lies in Maryland, Delaware, ami the District of Columbia (Re- view). 60; Crested Form of the Broad Beech-fern, lOil.Some Nomenclatural Changes m the Genus Isoetes, 77 140 American Ferx Journal Report of Au (1 iting Committee, 31; of Judge of Elections, 31; of President, 27; of Secretary, 28; of Treasurer, 29 Revie^vR : Andrews, Henry N., The Pine-fern — A Living Link with the Past, 129; Flowers, Seville. Ferns of Utah, 61 ; Jones, George Neville, Flora of Illinois, 63; Lichtenstein, Juana S., Ofio- glosaceas de la Argentina, 58 ; Looser, G., Sinopsis de los As- plenium de Chile, 130; Manske, Richard H. F., & L^o Marion. Alkaloids of Lycopodium Spe- cies, 25 ; Reed, Clyde F., County Distribution of the Ferns and Fern Allies in Maryland, Dela- ware, and the District of Co- lumbia. 60 ; Shaver, Jesse M., Some Xotes on the Bracken and Maidenhair Ferns of Tennessee, 59, Some Notes on the Tennes- see Lipferns, 130; Weatherby, C. A., Group of Selaginella ore- gana in North America, 57 Rhipidopteris, 7 Khizoctonia, 102, 103 1 St. John. Harold. Valid Names in the Gleicheniaceae : Pacific Plant Studies No. 4, 87 Salpichlaena volubilis, 44 Schizaea pusilla from Canada, 40 Schizaea, 44; dichotoma, 76; pu- silla, 40 Sclerotium, 102, 103 Seftenbergia, 129 Selaginella, 8, 61 ; cinerascens, 57 ; , Hintonii, 58 ; mutica, 57, ,«. limitanea, 58. var. texaiia, 58 oregana, 57; porrecta, 58; ru pestris, 57 ; scopulorum, 120 Sheldonii, 52; Standleyi, 120, Underwoodii, 57, var. dolicho- tricha, 58 Septoria, 102 Shaver, Jesse M. Some Notes on the Bracken and Maidenhair Ferns of Tennessee (Review), 59; Some Notes on the Tennes- see Lipferns (Review). 130 Skntch, Alexander P. Fern Col- lecting in Southern Costa Rica. 41 ' Some Nomenclatural Changes in the Genus Isoetes, 77 Some Notes on Arizona Ferns. 00 Ontario, Arsenei, densa, 58 120 var Sources of the Fern Flora of Co- lorado, 114 Soxman, G. M, Pteris multifida in Texas, 53 Stenochlaena palustris, 75 Stevenson, John A. Ferns and Fungi, 97 Sticherus, 87; Cunninghamii. 8S; oceanicus, 88; owhyhensis, 88; pedalis, 88; quadripartitus, 88 Stromntopteris, 87 Struthiopteris, 8; germanica var. pensylvanica, 128; polypodio- ides, 8; Struthiopteris var. pen- sylvanica. 128 Svenson, Henry K. Report of Treasurer, 29 Taphrina, KM) Tectaria, 8; heracleifolia, 50; So- diroi, 46 Tempskya, 129 Trichomanes, 7, 8; Roschianuip, 64, 92 ; polypodioides, 45 ; ri- gidum. 45 . Two Chilean Pteridophytes of Commercial Importance, 55 Unique Habitat for Maidenhair Spl.'tjinvort, 109 Uredinopsis, 97, 98 Ustilago, 99 Valid Names in the Gleichenia- ceae: Pacific Plant Studies No. 4, 87 Vittaria, 7; elongata, 76; filifolia, 45; stipitata, 45 Wa gner, Warren Herbert, Jr. Fern Hunt in Puerto Rico, 4; Ferns on Pacific Island Coconut Trees, 74 ^ , Weatherby, C. A. Earliest Col- lection of Onocleopsis. o2 ; Further Suggestions for the Utilization of Bracken in Great Britain, 56; Group of Selagi- nella oregana in North America (Review), '^7 ; Northwestern limits of Cystopteris fragilis var. laurentiana, 93; Report of President, 27 . .. Wherrv, Edgar T. Indument or Cystopteris fragilis, 54; Notes on Illinois Pteridophytes, 92; Our Most-renamed Native Fern, 128 ^ . Whitney, Elsie G. Report of Secretary, 28 Woodwardia, 98; virginica. 64 Woodsia, 94, 99 Page 36, Page 69, Page 76, Page 78, Page 93, Page 96, line line line line line line Errata 29: For Hoselton, read Haselton, 23: For '^sible,'* read possible. 8: Insert word '^in^' at beginning of line 15: For ^'E,'' read '^L'' 10 : For Dorr, read Door, 3 : For plants, read plates. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB 3VIEMBEBSBIF Including Bulletin, Memoirs, and Torreya, $5.00 a ye» PUBLICATIONS Bulletin. Montlily, except Julv, August and September; estab- lislied 1870. 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